“You must necessarily correspond to the seed from which you sprang—if indeed it is true that the originator of our race and our sin, Adam, WILLED THE SIN which he committed.” (Tertullian, c.212, W, 4.51; from “A Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs,” by David W. Bercot, editor. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2008, page 288).
It’s been a common belief in society that animals, people, insects, etc., are identical to their kind. Horses have a very similar anatomy (although they are different kinds); people have identical anatomy, even if they are of different ethnicity, height, hair color, eye color, broad-shouldered or thin-framed.
Tertullian uses that same reasoning here: that, since all of humanity descends from Adam, the first human, we all have been given free will like Adam. I’ll set up a syllogism here:
I. Adam was the first human.
II. Adam had free will.
III. Humanity descends from Adam.
IV. Therefore, humanity also has free will.
However, this is not believed by the Calvinists. I’ve been reading the book “Perspectives on the Doctrine of God,” and I’ve noticed that our free will (according to the Calvinists) is either “compatible” to God’s causation (God being the determiner of my will) or else I only have what Bruce Ware calls “the freedom of inclination,” where I can only CHOOSE that which my nature desires to do (in other words, I can only CHOOSE TO SIN—don’t understand that one)…
We see here, though, in Tertullian’s analysis, that free will was not DESTROYED by the fall. Some time back, I talked with a friend, and her dad believes that our will still exists, but it isn’t free. To which I responded, “well, if we have a will and it isn’t free, then what is it?” It can’t be a will if it isn’t free. To will something means to “decide” on something, to choose something. If our will isn’t free, then my friend’s dad shares the view of Bruce Ware: our freedom is only a “freedom of inclination,” which means that our “free” will is “imprisoned” to sin. And if humanity is born with an imprisoned will, then we can’t be responsible for any of the choices we’ve made. As I’ve stated in earlier posts, to be “responsible” for something means that, in any situation, the person was the primary cause or mover. If the person is responsible for a choice made, then the will was free to decide in either direction. If the decision of the will was already made BEFORE the person made the decision, then that person was FORCED to make a choice; and there is no force in freedom.
According to Tertullian, we are “free by birth.” And that is indeed the case: every man, woman, boy, and girl is born with a free will, a will that can choose right from wrong, the true from the false, the godly from the ungodly. And with the Lord’s presence in our lives, we have all we need to stand against “the wiles of the devil.”
Showing posts with label Predestination and Free Will. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Predestination and Free Will. Show all posts
Friday, August 7, 2009
Wednesday, August 5, 2009
Man: Master of His Own Will
“I find, then, that man was constituted free by God. HE WAS MASTER OF HIS OWN WILL AND POWER…for a law would not be imposed upon one who did not have it in his power to render that obedience which is due to law. Nor again, would the penalty of death be threatened against sin, if a contempt of the law were impossible to man in the liberty of his will…Man is free, with a will either for obedience or resistance” (Tertullian, c.207, W, 3.300, 301; from “A Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs,” page 288).
According to Tertullian, man has been given free will; and his free will is the thing that holds him accountable for his sin.
His statement that “he[man] was MASTER OF HIS OWN WILL” can be seen in Genesis 4 regarding Cain and Abel. Cain was jealous and envied the fact that his brother’s offering was accepted. Read the Lord’s words to Cain:
“Then the LORD said to Cain, ‘Why are you furious? And why are you downcast? If you do right, won’t you be accepted? But if you do not do right, SIN IS CROUCHING AT THE DOOR. Its desire is for you, BUT YOU MUST MASTER IT” (Genesis 4:6-7, Holman Christian Standard Bible).
The Lord told Cain that he needed to “master” sin—in other words, gain control of his anger and WILL himself to make the right choice.
Let’s look at the actual verses in the Septuagint (LXX, Greek Old Testament:
“kai eipen kurios ho theos tow Kain ‘hina ti perilupos egenou, kai hina ti sunepesen to prosopon sou; ouk, ean orthos prosenegkes, orthos de me dieles, hemartes; hesuxason. Pros se he apostrophe autou, kai su arxseis autou.”
Translated into English, the above Greek reads:
“And the Lord God said to Cain, “For what [reason] have you become grieved, and for what [reason] has your face fallen? Unless you bear [it] well (rightly); but if you do not bear it well, sin? Be silent: It [sin] is to turn you away, but you will rule it.”
The word here for “rule” is “arxseis,” which comes from the parent word “arxo,” meaning “to be chief, to lead, to rule, to be FIRST; to reign or rule over.”
So when the Lord tells Cain that sin is there to turn him away from doing right, He is telling Cain that he can RULE OVER his emotions and choose to do that which is right. Doesn’t this seem to show us Arminianism, that, in every situation, man can choose AGAINST his inclinations, IN SPITE of them? Contra Bruce Ware, man really can go against his strongest desires (even if those desires are evil).
But we see something else with the text of Genesis 4: we find the Lord exhorting Cain to RESIST the tendency to do evil in his heart, which shows that God NEVER INTENDS for anyone to do evil.
Tertullian’s quote above shows us that, because man CAN choose AGAINST his inclinations (can do the right thing), that man is to be judged when he does that which is wrong. It turns out, then, that man truly is MASTER of his own will: he can will to do good, or to do evil; as Tertullian said, “Man is free, with either a will for OBEDIENCE or RESISTANCE…”
According to Tertullian, man has been given free will; and his free will is the thing that holds him accountable for his sin.
His statement that “he[man] was MASTER OF HIS OWN WILL” can be seen in Genesis 4 regarding Cain and Abel. Cain was jealous and envied the fact that his brother’s offering was accepted. Read the Lord’s words to Cain:
“Then the LORD said to Cain, ‘Why are you furious? And why are you downcast? If you do right, won’t you be accepted? But if you do not do right, SIN IS CROUCHING AT THE DOOR. Its desire is for you, BUT YOU MUST MASTER IT” (Genesis 4:6-7, Holman Christian Standard Bible).
The Lord told Cain that he needed to “master” sin—in other words, gain control of his anger and WILL himself to make the right choice.
Let’s look at the actual verses in the Septuagint (LXX, Greek Old Testament:
“kai eipen kurios ho theos tow Kain ‘hina ti perilupos egenou, kai hina ti sunepesen to prosopon sou; ouk, ean orthos prosenegkes, orthos de me dieles, hemartes; hesuxason. Pros se he apostrophe autou, kai su arxseis autou.”
Translated into English, the above Greek reads:
“And the Lord God said to Cain, “For what [reason] have you become grieved, and for what [reason] has your face fallen? Unless you bear [it] well (rightly); but if you do not bear it well, sin? Be silent: It [sin] is to turn you away, but you will rule it.”
The word here for “rule” is “arxseis,” which comes from the parent word “arxo,” meaning “to be chief, to lead, to rule, to be FIRST; to reign or rule over.”
So when the Lord tells Cain that sin is there to turn him away from doing right, He is telling Cain that he can RULE OVER his emotions and choose to do that which is right. Doesn’t this seem to show us Arminianism, that, in every situation, man can choose AGAINST his inclinations, IN SPITE of them? Contra Bruce Ware, man really can go against his strongest desires (even if those desires are evil).
But we see something else with the text of Genesis 4: we find the Lord exhorting Cain to RESIST the tendency to do evil in his heart, which shows that God NEVER INTENDS for anyone to do evil.
Tertullian’s quote above shows us that, because man CAN choose AGAINST his inclinations (can do the right thing), that man is to be judged when he does that which is wrong. It turns out, then, that man truly is MASTER of his own will: he can will to do good, or to do evil; as Tertullian said, “Man is free, with either a will for OBEDIENCE or RESISTANCE…”
Monday, August 3, 2009
Same Old Pharaoh, Same Old Discussion: Quote #3, Part II
“[The Marcionites] say, ‘But God hardened the heart of Pharaoh and of his servants.’ Now those who allege such difficulties do not read in the Gospel the passage where the Lord replied to the disciples, when they asked Him, ‘Why do you speak in parables?’ He replied: ‘Because it is given to you to know the mystery of the kingdom of heaven. However, I speak to them in parables so that seeing they may not see and hearing they may not hear.’…so God knows the number of those who will not believe, since He foreknows all things. So He has given them over to unbelief and turned His face away from men of this character, leaving them in the darkness that they have chosen for themselves. So what is baffling if He gave Pharaoh and those who were with him over to their unbelief? FOR THEY WOULD NEVER HAVE BELIEVED.” (Irenaeus, c. 180, E/W, 1.502; from “A Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs” by editor David W. Bercot, page 286).
Now, on to Pharaoh. God gave Nebuchadnezzar over to “himself,” as the Lord did those in the Gentile world who refused to acknowledge God in “the things that had been made.” But what about Pharaoh? Is God responsible for Pharaoh’s hardened heart?
1 Then the LORD said to Moses, "Go in to Pharaoh and say to him: This is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says: Let My people go, so that they may worship Me. 2 But if you refuse to let [them] go and keep holding them, 3 then the LORD's hand will bring a severe plague against your livestock in the field—the horses, donkeys, camels, herds, and flocks. 4 But the LORD will make a distinction between the livestock of Israel and the livestock of Egypt, so that nothing of all that the Israelites own will die." 5 And the LORD set a time, saying, "Tomorrow the LORD will do this thing in the land." (A) 6 The LORD did this the next day. All the Egyptian livestock died, (B) but none among the Israelite livestock died. 7 Pharaoh sent [messengers] who saw that not a single one of the Israelite livestock was dead. But Pharaoh's heart was hardened, (C) and he did not let the people go.
The Sixth Plague: Boils
8 Then the LORD said to Moses and Aaron, "Take handfuls of furnace soot, and Moses is to throw it toward heaven in the sight of Pharaoh. 9 It will become fine dust over the entire land of Egypt. It will become festering boils (D) on people and animals throughout the land of Egypt." 10 So they took furnace soot and stood before Pharaoh. Moses threw it toward heaven, and it became festering boils on man and beast. 11 The magicians could not stand before Moses because of the boils, for the boils were on the magicians as well as on all the Egyptians. (E) 12 But the LORD hardened Pharaoh's heart (F) and he did not listen to them, as the LORD had told Moses. (Exodus 9:1-12, HCSB)
Notice that in verse 7, Pharaoh hardens his heart after the fifth plague comes and leaves. By the time the Lord sent plague six, boils, over the land of Egypt, GOD HIMSELF hardened Pharaoh’s heart. Verse 12 says, “But the Lord hardened Pharaoh’s heart and he did not listen to them, AS THE LORD HAD TOLD MOSES.”
The Lord hardened Pharaoh’s heart here in Exodus 9:12, as well as Exodus 10:27 and Exodus 11:10. But the Lord had told Moses and Aaron in Exodus 7:3,
“But I will harden Pharaoh’s heart and multiply My signs and wonders in the land of Egypt.”
In the same chapter, Exodus 7, Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh as God had instructed them. After they gave Pharaoh their message, what happened?
“13 However, Pharaoh's heart hardened, (H) and he did not listen to them, as the LORD had said.” (Exodus 7:13, HCSB)
Pharaoh refused to listen to them. He refused to pay attention to the signs God had given them to prove that He was the one true living God, and that He wanted His people freed—that He would do whatever it took to deliver His people.
How did God respond to Pharaoh’s attitude?
14 Then the LORD said to Moses, "Pharaoh is unresponsive: he refuses to let the people go. (Exod. 7:14, HCSB)
The Lord made it clear that PHARAOH HIMSELF was unresponsive, and refused to yield. God wasn’t responsible for Pharaoh’s response—PHARAOH WAS! However, God would use Pharaoh’s response to bring glory to His people—and Himself! He would bring the Israelites out of the land of Egypt at all costs.
After God sent the first plague (turned water into blood), what happened?
20 Moses and Aaron did just as the LORD had commanded; in the sight of Pharaoh and his officials, he raised the staff and struck the water in the Nile, and all the water in the Nile was turned to blood. (K) 21 The fish in the Nile died, and the river smelled so bad the Egyptians could not drink water from it. There was blood throughout the land of Egypt.
22 But the magicians of Egypt did the same thing by their occult practices. So Pharaoh's heart hardened, and he would not listen to them, as the LORD had said. 23 Pharaoh turned around, went into his palace, and didn't even take this to heart. (Exod. 7:20-23, HCSB)
Pharaoh’s magicians did the same thing that Moses and Aaron did; and none of it
affected Pharaoh. It says he “turned around, went into his palace, and DIDN’T EVEN TAKE THIS TO HEART.” It had no effect on him, changed nothing about him…didn’t scare him, didn’t alarm him, didn’t make him change anything about his routine. He lost no sleep, no weight, nothing, behind God’s actions.
God sent the second plague, FROGS, all over the land. Pharaoh asked Moses and Aaron to pray that the frogs would leave. They did so, and all the frogs left. What was Pharaoh’s response?
13 The LORD did as Moses had said: the frogs in the houses, courtyards, and fields died. 14 They piled them in countless heaps, and there was a terrible odor in the land. 15 But when Pharaoh saw there was relief, he hardened his heart (I) and would not listen to them, as the LORD had said. (Exodus 8:13-15, HCSB)
Notice that verse 15 says, “But when Pharaoh saw there was relief, HE HARDENED HIS HEART…” Here we see, once again, that Pharaoh was responsible for hardening his heart.
What I find most fascinating about this story is that, God, KNOWING PHARAOH’S RESPONSE EVERY TIME, listened to the prayers of Moses and Aaron to remove judgment from Egypt—and every time, God removed the plague. But He knew that Pharaoh would not believe in Him, no matter what He did. Someone might say, “Well, if God knew that, then why did He remove the plagues?” My answer? Because God’s mercy would be justification for God’s judgment. The fact that God had mercy on Pharaoh, spared his life, and gave him time to repent, change, and do the right thing is why God could bring judgment on him in the end. God never brings judgment and wrath without first bringing MERCY AND BLESSING. And with Pharaoh, it was no different.
The third plague was gnats all over the land. This was the one thing that the magicians could not reproduce. Finally, when their magic had come to its end, they saw this as a sign from God:
19 "This is the finger of God," (K) the magicians said to Pharaoh. But Pharaoh's heart hardened, and he would not listen to them, as the LORD had said. (Exodus 8:19, HCSB)
The magicians saw God in the fact that He could do something they could not do; but not Pharaoh—he was gonna stay on the Titanic; even if it was a sinking ship.
God sent the fourth plague, the swarms of flies. This time, Pharaoh initially conceded to letting the Israelites worship in Egypt itself. Moses made it clear that their practices were abhorred by the Egyptians, and that, if they were caught conducting practices against Egyptian law, they could be stoned. Pharaoh initially acted as though he would let the Israelites go. This is the encounter between him and Moses:
29 "As soon as I leave you," Moses said, "I will appeal to the LORD, and tomorrow the swarms of flies will depart from Pharaoh, his officials, and his people. But Pharaoh must not act deceptively again by refusing to let the people go and sacrifice to the LORD." 30 Then Moses left Pharaoh's presence and appealed to the LORD. 31 The LORD did as Moses had said: He removed the swarms of flies from Pharaoh, his officials, and his people; not one was left. 32 But Pharaoh hardened his heart this time also and did not let the people go. (Exod. 8:29-32, HCSB)
Moses said, “Pharaoh must not act DECEPTIVELY AGAIN by refusing to let the people go…” In other words, God was not gonna tolerate Pharaoh’s hard-heartedness but for so long. Pharaoh promised he wouldn’t, but, once again, “Pharaoh HARDENED HIS HEART THIS TIME ALSO…” Nothing would change Pharaoh’s heart—nothing at all. No matter what God did, Pharaoh wasn’t gonna budge.
Part III is on its way.
Now, on to Pharaoh. God gave Nebuchadnezzar over to “himself,” as the Lord did those in the Gentile world who refused to acknowledge God in “the things that had been made.” But what about Pharaoh? Is God responsible for Pharaoh’s hardened heart?
1 Then the LORD said to Moses, "Go in to Pharaoh and say to him: This is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says: Let My people go, so that they may worship Me. 2 But if you refuse to let [them] go and keep holding them, 3 then the LORD's hand will bring a severe plague against your livestock in the field—the horses, donkeys, camels, herds, and flocks. 4 But the LORD will make a distinction between the livestock of Israel and the livestock of Egypt, so that nothing of all that the Israelites own will die." 5 And the LORD set a time, saying, "Tomorrow the LORD will do this thing in the land." (A) 6 The LORD did this the next day. All the Egyptian livestock died, (B) but none among the Israelite livestock died. 7 Pharaoh sent [messengers] who saw that not a single one of the Israelite livestock was dead. But Pharaoh's heart was hardened, (C) and he did not let the people go.
The Sixth Plague: Boils
8 Then the LORD said to Moses and Aaron, "Take handfuls of furnace soot, and Moses is to throw it toward heaven in the sight of Pharaoh. 9 It will become fine dust over the entire land of Egypt. It will become festering boils (D) on people and animals throughout the land of Egypt." 10 So they took furnace soot and stood before Pharaoh. Moses threw it toward heaven, and it became festering boils on man and beast. 11 The magicians could not stand before Moses because of the boils, for the boils were on the magicians as well as on all the Egyptians. (E) 12 But the LORD hardened Pharaoh's heart (F) and he did not listen to them, as the LORD had told Moses. (Exodus 9:1-12, HCSB)
Notice that in verse 7, Pharaoh hardens his heart after the fifth plague comes and leaves. By the time the Lord sent plague six, boils, over the land of Egypt, GOD HIMSELF hardened Pharaoh’s heart. Verse 12 says, “But the Lord hardened Pharaoh’s heart and he did not listen to them, AS THE LORD HAD TOLD MOSES.”
The Lord hardened Pharaoh’s heart here in Exodus 9:12, as well as Exodus 10:27 and Exodus 11:10. But the Lord had told Moses and Aaron in Exodus 7:3,
“But I will harden Pharaoh’s heart and multiply My signs and wonders in the land of Egypt.”
In the same chapter, Exodus 7, Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh as God had instructed them. After they gave Pharaoh their message, what happened?
“13 However, Pharaoh's heart hardened, (H) and he did not listen to them, as the LORD had said.” (Exodus 7:13, HCSB)
Pharaoh refused to listen to them. He refused to pay attention to the signs God had given them to prove that He was the one true living God, and that He wanted His people freed—that He would do whatever it took to deliver His people.
How did God respond to Pharaoh’s attitude?
14 Then the LORD said to Moses, "Pharaoh is unresponsive: he refuses to let the people go. (Exod. 7:14, HCSB)
The Lord made it clear that PHARAOH HIMSELF was unresponsive, and refused to yield. God wasn’t responsible for Pharaoh’s response—PHARAOH WAS! However, God would use Pharaoh’s response to bring glory to His people—and Himself! He would bring the Israelites out of the land of Egypt at all costs.
After God sent the first plague (turned water into blood), what happened?
20 Moses and Aaron did just as the LORD had commanded; in the sight of Pharaoh and his officials, he raised the staff and struck the water in the Nile, and all the water in the Nile was turned to blood. (K) 21 The fish in the Nile died, and the river smelled so bad the Egyptians could not drink water from it. There was blood throughout the land of Egypt.
22 But the magicians of Egypt did the same thing by their occult practices. So Pharaoh's heart hardened, and he would not listen to them, as the LORD had said. 23 Pharaoh turned around, went into his palace, and didn't even take this to heart. (Exod. 7:20-23, HCSB)
Pharaoh’s magicians did the same thing that Moses and Aaron did; and none of it
affected Pharaoh. It says he “turned around, went into his palace, and DIDN’T EVEN TAKE THIS TO HEART.” It had no effect on him, changed nothing about him…didn’t scare him, didn’t alarm him, didn’t make him change anything about his routine. He lost no sleep, no weight, nothing, behind God’s actions.
God sent the second plague, FROGS, all over the land. Pharaoh asked Moses and Aaron to pray that the frogs would leave. They did so, and all the frogs left. What was Pharaoh’s response?
13 The LORD did as Moses had said: the frogs in the houses, courtyards, and fields died. 14 They piled them in countless heaps, and there was a terrible odor in the land. 15 But when Pharaoh saw there was relief, he hardened his heart (I) and would not listen to them, as the LORD had said. (Exodus 8:13-15, HCSB)
Notice that verse 15 says, “But when Pharaoh saw there was relief, HE HARDENED HIS HEART…” Here we see, once again, that Pharaoh was responsible for hardening his heart.
What I find most fascinating about this story is that, God, KNOWING PHARAOH’S RESPONSE EVERY TIME, listened to the prayers of Moses and Aaron to remove judgment from Egypt—and every time, God removed the plague. But He knew that Pharaoh would not believe in Him, no matter what He did. Someone might say, “Well, if God knew that, then why did He remove the plagues?” My answer? Because God’s mercy would be justification for God’s judgment. The fact that God had mercy on Pharaoh, spared his life, and gave him time to repent, change, and do the right thing is why God could bring judgment on him in the end. God never brings judgment and wrath without first bringing MERCY AND BLESSING. And with Pharaoh, it was no different.
The third plague was gnats all over the land. This was the one thing that the magicians could not reproduce. Finally, when their magic had come to its end, they saw this as a sign from God:
19 "This is the finger of God," (K) the magicians said to Pharaoh. But Pharaoh's heart hardened, and he would not listen to them, as the LORD had said. (Exodus 8:19, HCSB)
The magicians saw God in the fact that He could do something they could not do; but not Pharaoh—he was gonna stay on the Titanic; even if it was a sinking ship.
God sent the fourth plague, the swarms of flies. This time, Pharaoh initially conceded to letting the Israelites worship in Egypt itself. Moses made it clear that their practices were abhorred by the Egyptians, and that, if they were caught conducting practices against Egyptian law, they could be stoned. Pharaoh initially acted as though he would let the Israelites go. This is the encounter between him and Moses:
29 "As soon as I leave you," Moses said, "I will appeal to the LORD, and tomorrow the swarms of flies will depart from Pharaoh, his officials, and his people. But Pharaoh must not act deceptively again by refusing to let the people go and sacrifice to the LORD." 30 Then Moses left Pharaoh's presence and appealed to the LORD. 31 The LORD did as Moses had said: He removed the swarms of flies from Pharaoh, his officials, and his people; not one was left. 32 But Pharaoh hardened his heart this time also and did not let the people go. (Exod. 8:29-32, HCSB)
Moses said, “Pharaoh must not act DECEPTIVELY AGAIN by refusing to let the people go…” In other words, God was not gonna tolerate Pharaoh’s hard-heartedness but for so long. Pharaoh promised he wouldn’t, but, once again, “Pharaoh HARDENED HIS HEART THIS TIME ALSO…” Nothing would change Pharaoh’s heart—nothing at all. No matter what God did, Pharaoh wasn’t gonna budge.
Part III is on its way.
Friday, July 31, 2009
Same Old Pharaoh, Same Old Discussion: Quote #3, Part I
“[The Marcionites] say, ‘But God hardened the heart of Pharaoh and of his servants.’ Now those who allege such difficulties do not read in the Gospel the passage where the Lord replied to the disciples, when they asked Him, ‘Why do you speak in parables?’ He replied: ‘Because it is given to you to know the mystery of the kingdom of heaven. However, I speak to them in parables so that seeing they may not see and hearing they may not hear.’…so God knows the number of those who will not believe, since He foreknows all things. So He has given them over to unbelief and turned His face away from men of this character, leaving them in the darkness that they have chosen for themselves. So what is baffling if He gave Pharaoh and those who were with him over to their unbelief? FOR THEY WOULD NEVER HAVE BELIEVED.” (Irenaeus, c. 180, E/W, 1.502; from “A Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs” by editor David W. Bercot, page 286).
Pharaoh is one of the persons marshaled as evidence of Calvinism in Scripture. Not only do Calvinists use Pharaoh: they even use him to argue that God selects certain people for salvation and damns others for reprobation!
According to Irenaeus, God knows ALL THINGS, including those who will believe in Him and those who will not. Because “they would never have believed,” God gives them over to their own choice—a life without Him.
Does this match the words of Scripture? You bet. Let’s read Romans 1:
18 For God's wrath (AH) is revealed from heaven against all godlessness and unrighteousness of people who by their unrighteousness suppress the truth, (AI) 19 since what can be known [o] about God is evident among them, (AJ) because God has shown it to them. 20 From the creation of the world (AK) His invisible attributes, that is, His eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly seen, being understood through what He has made. (AL) As a result, people [p] are without excuse. 21 For though they knew God, they did not glorify Him as God or show gratitude. Instead, their thinking became nonsense, and their senseless minds [q] were darkened. (AM) 22 Claiming to be wise, they became fools (AN) 23 and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images resembling mortal man, birds, four-footed animals, and reptiles. (AO)
24 Therefore God delivered them over in the cravings of their hearts (AP) to sexual impurity, so that their bodies were degraded among themselves. 25 They exchanged the truth of God for a lie, (AQ) and worshiped and served something created instead of the Creator, who is blessed forever. (AR) Amen.
From Idolatry to Depravity
26 This is why God delivered them over to degrading passions. (AS) For even their females exchanged natural sexual intercourse [r] for what is unnatural. 27 The males in the same way also left natural sexual intercourse [s] with females and were inflamed in their lust for one another. Males committed shameless acts with males (AT) and received in their own persons [t] the appropriate penalty for their perversion. [u]
28 And because they did not think it worthwhile to have God in their knowledge, God delivered them over to a worthless mind to do what is morally wrong. 29 They are filled with all unrighteousness, [v] evil, greed, and wickedness. They are full of envy, murder, disputes, deceit, and malice. They are gossips, (AU) 30 slanderers, God-haters, arrogant, proud, boastful, (AV) inventors of evil, disobedient to parents, (AW) 31 undiscerning, untrustworthy, unloving, (AX) [w] and unmerciful. 32 Although they know full well God's just sentence—that those who practice such things deserve to die (AY) [x] —they not only do them, but even applaud (AZ) [y] others who practice them. (Romans 1:18-32, Holman Christian Standard Bible)
Footnotes:
a. Romans 1:1 Or Jesus, a called apostle
b. Romans 1:3 Lit was of the seed of David
c. Romans 1:4 Or the spirit of holiness, or the Holy Spirit
d. Romans 1:5 Lit Him into, or Him for
e. Romans 1:5 Or the obedience that is faith, or the faithful obedience, or the obedience that comes from faith
f. Romans 1:5 Or Gentiles
g. Romans 1:7 1Co1:2-4
h. Romans 1:8 Or because your faith
i. Romans 1:13 Lit I don't want you to be unaware
j. Romans 1:13 Lit have some fruit
k. Romans 1:14 Or non-Greeks
l. Romans 1:16 Other mss add of Christ
m. Romans 1:17 Or revealed out of faith into faith
n. Romans 1:17 Or The one who is righteous by faith will live
o. Romans 1:19 Or what is known
p. Romans 1:20 Lit they
q. Romans 1:21 Lit hearts
r. Romans 1:26 Lit natural use
s. Romans 1:27 Lit natural use
t. Romans 1:27 Or in themselves
u. Romans 1:27 Or error
v. Romans 1:29 Other mss add sexual immorality
w. Romans 1:31 Other mss add unforgiving
x. Romans 1:32 Lit things are worthy of death
y. Romans 1:32 Lit even take pleasure in
Here we find that the subjects in question are those who knew God, who knew that He deserved to be praised, but yet, refused to do so. Instead of praising Him and worshipping Him as God, they gave in to their own desires, committing idolatry with images of the creation rather than the Creator. And because they refused to use their knowledge to do that which is right (worship God), God gave them over to defiled, depraved minds, to do what their flesh wanted to do. In other words, God complied with their wishes: they wanted to be without Him, so He allowed them to experience what life was like apart from Him!
Their depravation is what Nebuchadnezzar himself experienced when he refused to give God the glory due His name:
29 At the end of 12 months, as he was walking on the roof of the royal palace in Babylon, 30 the king exclaimed, "Is this not Babylon the Great that I have built by my vast power to be a royal residence and to display my majestic glory?" (AJ)
31 While the words were still in the king's mouth, a voice came from heaven: "King Nebuchadnezzar, to you it is declared that the kingdom has departed from you. (AK) 32 You will be driven away from people to live with the wild animals, and you will feed on grass like cattle for seven periods of time, until you acknowledge that the Most High is ruler over the kingdom of men, and He gives it to anyone He wants."
33 At that moment the sentence against Nebuchadnezzar was executed. He was driven away from people. He ate grass like cattle, and his body was drenched with dew from the sky, until his hair grew like eagles' [feathers] and his nails like birds' [claws]. (AL)
Nebuchadnezzar's Praise
34 But at the end of those days, I, Nebuchadnezzar, looked up to heaven, and my sanity returned to me. Then I praised the Most High and honored and glorified Him who lives forever: (AM)
For His dominion is an everlasting dominion,
and His kingdom is from generation to generation. (AN)
35 All the inhabitants of the earth are counted as nothing,
and He does what He wants (AO) with the army of heaven
and the inhabitants of the earth.
There is no one who can hold back His hand
or say to Him, "What have You done?" (AP)
36 At that time my sanity returned to me, and my majesty and splendor returned to me for the glory of my kingdom. My advisers and my nobles sought me out, I was reestablished over my kingdom, and even more greatness came to me. (AQ) 37 Now I, Nebuchadnezzar, praise, exalt, and glorify the King of heaven, because all His works are true and His ways are just. (AR) And He is able to humble (AS) those who walk in
pride. (AT) (Daniel 4:29-37, HCSB)
As you can see, when Nebuchadnezzar, like those of the Gentile world (Rom. 1) refused to give thanks to God or glorify His name, Nebuchadnezzar became as an animal. Nebuchadnezzar was an animal without God, JUST AS WE ALL ARE! Without God, we are nothing more that instinctual beings who live and thrive in all sorts of ungodliness. We are depraved and deprived when we are outside of or away from God. But, like Nebuchadnezzar, when we turn to God and worship Him and lift up His name, then “our sanity” returns and, suddenly, we begin to do what we were created to do—GLORIFY GOD!
I will get started on Pharaoh in Part II. Stay tuned...
Pharaoh is one of the persons marshaled as evidence of Calvinism in Scripture. Not only do Calvinists use Pharaoh: they even use him to argue that God selects certain people for salvation and damns others for reprobation!
According to Irenaeus, God knows ALL THINGS, including those who will believe in Him and those who will not. Because “they would never have believed,” God gives them over to their own choice—a life without Him.
Does this match the words of Scripture? You bet. Let’s read Romans 1:
18 For God's wrath (AH) is revealed from heaven against all godlessness and unrighteousness of people who by their unrighteousness suppress the truth, (AI) 19 since what can be known [o] about God is evident among them, (AJ) because God has shown it to them. 20 From the creation of the world (AK) His invisible attributes, that is, His eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly seen, being understood through what He has made. (AL) As a result, people [p] are without excuse. 21 For though they knew God, they did not glorify Him as God or show gratitude. Instead, their thinking became nonsense, and their senseless minds [q] were darkened. (AM) 22 Claiming to be wise, they became fools (AN) 23 and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images resembling mortal man, birds, four-footed animals, and reptiles. (AO)
24 Therefore God delivered them over in the cravings of their hearts (AP) to sexual impurity, so that their bodies were degraded among themselves. 25 They exchanged the truth of God for a lie, (AQ) and worshiped and served something created instead of the Creator, who is blessed forever. (AR) Amen.
From Idolatry to Depravity
26 This is why God delivered them over to degrading passions. (AS) For even their females exchanged natural sexual intercourse [r] for what is unnatural. 27 The males in the same way also left natural sexual intercourse [s] with females and were inflamed in their lust for one another. Males committed shameless acts with males (AT) and received in their own persons [t] the appropriate penalty for their perversion. [u]
28 And because they did not think it worthwhile to have God in their knowledge, God delivered them over to a worthless mind to do what is morally wrong. 29 They are filled with all unrighteousness, [v] evil, greed, and wickedness. They are full of envy, murder, disputes, deceit, and malice. They are gossips, (AU) 30 slanderers, God-haters, arrogant, proud, boastful, (AV) inventors of evil, disobedient to parents, (AW) 31 undiscerning, untrustworthy, unloving, (AX) [w] and unmerciful. 32 Although they know full well God's just sentence—that those who practice such things deserve to die (AY) [x] —they not only do them, but even applaud (AZ) [y] others who practice them. (Romans 1:18-32, Holman Christian Standard Bible)
Footnotes:
a. Romans 1:1 Or Jesus, a called apostle
b. Romans 1:3 Lit was of the seed of David
c. Romans 1:4 Or the spirit of holiness, or the Holy Spirit
d. Romans 1:5 Lit Him into, or Him for
e. Romans 1:5 Or the obedience that is faith, or the faithful obedience, or the obedience that comes from faith
f. Romans 1:5 Or Gentiles
g. Romans 1:7 1Co1:2-4
h. Romans 1:8 Or because your faith
i. Romans 1:13 Lit I don't want you to be unaware
j. Romans 1:13 Lit have some fruit
k. Romans 1:14 Or non-Greeks
l. Romans 1:16 Other mss add of Christ
m. Romans 1:17 Or revealed out of faith into faith
n. Romans 1:17 Or The one who is righteous by faith will live
o. Romans 1:19 Or what is known
p. Romans 1:20 Lit they
q. Romans 1:21 Lit hearts
r. Romans 1:26 Lit natural use
s. Romans 1:27 Lit natural use
t. Romans 1:27 Or in themselves
u. Romans 1:27 Or error
v. Romans 1:29 Other mss add sexual immorality
w. Romans 1:31 Other mss add unforgiving
x. Romans 1:32 Lit things are worthy of death
y. Romans 1:32 Lit even take pleasure in
Here we find that the subjects in question are those who knew God, who knew that He deserved to be praised, but yet, refused to do so. Instead of praising Him and worshipping Him as God, they gave in to their own desires, committing idolatry with images of the creation rather than the Creator. And because they refused to use their knowledge to do that which is right (worship God), God gave them over to defiled, depraved minds, to do what their flesh wanted to do. In other words, God complied with their wishes: they wanted to be without Him, so He allowed them to experience what life was like apart from Him!
Their depravation is what Nebuchadnezzar himself experienced when he refused to give God the glory due His name:
29 At the end of 12 months, as he was walking on the roof of the royal palace in Babylon, 30 the king exclaimed, "Is this not Babylon the Great that I have built by my vast power to be a royal residence and to display my majestic glory?" (AJ)
31 While the words were still in the king's mouth, a voice came from heaven: "King Nebuchadnezzar, to you it is declared that the kingdom has departed from you. (AK) 32 You will be driven away from people to live with the wild animals, and you will feed on grass like cattle for seven periods of time, until you acknowledge that the Most High is ruler over the kingdom of men, and He gives it to anyone He wants."
33 At that moment the sentence against Nebuchadnezzar was executed. He was driven away from people. He ate grass like cattle, and his body was drenched with dew from the sky, until his hair grew like eagles' [feathers] and his nails like birds' [claws]. (AL)
Nebuchadnezzar's Praise
34 But at the end of those days, I, Nebuchadnezzar, looked up to heaven, and my sanity returned to me. Then I praised the Most High and honored and glorified Him who lives forever: (AM)
For His dominion is an everlasting dominion,
and His kingdom is from generation to generation. (AN)
35 All the inhabitants of the earth are counted as nothing,
and He does what He wants (AO) with the army of heaven
and the inhabitants of the earth.
There is no one who can hold back His hand
or say to Him, "What have You done?" (AP)
36 At that time my sanity returned to me, and my majesty and splendor returned to me for the glory of my kingdom. My advisers and my nobles sought me out, I was reestablished over my kingdom, and even more greatness came to me. (AQ) 37 Now I, Nebuchadnezzar, praise, exalt, and glorify the King of heaven, because all His works are true and His ways are just. (AR) And He is able to humble (AS) those who walk in
pride. (AT) (Daniel 4:29-37, HCSB)
As you can see, when Nebuchadnezzar, like those of the Gentile world (Rom. 1) refused to give thanks to God or glorify His name, Nebuchadnezzar became as an animal. Nebuchadnezzar was an animal without God, JUST AS WE ALL ARE! Without God, we are nothing more that instinctual beings who live and thrive in all sorts of ungodliness. We are depraved and deprived when we are outside of or away from God. But, like Nebuchadnezzar, when we turn to God and worship Him and lift up His name, then “our sanity” returns and, suddenly, we begin to do what we were created to do—GLORIFY GOD!
I will get started on Pharaoh in Part II. Stay tuned...
Thursday, July 30, 2009
Predestination and Free Will: The Church Fathers, Quote #2
I’m back to provide another quote regarding the issue of predestination and free will. This quote will come from Tatian:
“We were not created to die. Rather, we die by our own fault. Our free will has destroyed us. We who were free have become slaves. We have been sold through sin. Nothing evil has been created by God. We ourselves have manifested wickedness. But we, who have manifested it, are able again to reject it” (Tatian, c.160, 2.69,70; from “A Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs,” page 286).
First, Tatian tells us that death was not an original part of the equation for mankind. However, by man’s choice, sin and death entered the world. We read of God’s words in Genesis:
16 And the LORD God commanded the man, "You are free to eat from any tree of the garden, (P) 17 but you must not eat [l] from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, for on the day you eat from it, you will certainly die." (Genesis 2:16-17, Holman Christian Standard Bible)
Death would come as a consequence of eating the forbidden fruit; and in order for God to speak of death here shows us that death was not a necessary part of life for mankind, nor was death a given factor from the moment of man’s creation. Although death was not a given, death entered when Adam and Eve sinned in the Garden. We read God’s punishment to Adam:
17 And He said to Adam, "Because you listened to your wife's voice and ate from the tree about which I commanded you, 'Do not eat from it':
The ground is cursed because of you. (L)
You will eat from it by means of painful labor [e]
all the days of your life.
18 It will produce thorns and thistles for you,
and you will eat the plants of the field. (M)
19 You will eat bread [f] by the sweat of your brow
until you return to the ground, (N)
since you were taken from it.
For you are dust,
and you will return to dust." (Genesis 3:17-19, HCSB)
Because Adam ate from the ground, he would return to the dust.
Tatian writes these words (from above):
“Our free will has destroyed us. We who were free HAVE BECOME SLAVES. We have been sold through sin.”
Here, Tatian states that we were created free, but we enslaved ourselves. Mankind did what Paul warned the Galatians not to do in Galatians 5:1—“Christ has liberated us into freedom. Therefore STAND FIRM and DON’T SUBMIT AGAIN TO A YOKE OF SLAVERY.”
How did man do this? Paul gives us greater detail into our enslavement in Romans 6:
For just as you offered the parts [n] of yourselves as slaves to moral impurity, and to greater and greater lawlessness, so now offer them as slaves to righteousness, which results in sanctification. 20 For when you were slaves of sin, you were free from allegiance to righteousness. (AG) [o] 21 And what fruit was produced [p] then from the things you are now ashamed of? (AH) For the end of those things is death. (AI) 22 But now, since you have been liberated from sin and become enslaved to God, (AJ) you have your fruit, which results in sanctification (AK) [q] —and the end is eternal life! (AL) 23 For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord. (Romans 6: 19-22, HCSB)
A few verses earlier, Paul revealed the significance of the actions of the believer in righteousness:
16 Do you not know that if you offer yourselves to someone [k] as obedient slaves, (Z) you are slaves of that one you obey (AA) —either of sin leading to death (AB) or of obedience leading to righteousness? (Rom. 6:16)
Let’s examine Paul’s rhetoric here. He mentions that the Romans “offer yourselves” to whoever they obeyed. Normally, when we think of slaves, we think of someone who has been made a slave, or “forced” into slavery by a slavemaster; we never think of slaves as having placed THEMSELVES into slavery—for who would do such a ludicrous thing? Nonetheless, Paul makes it clear that mankind PLACED HIMSELF into enslavement to sin; sin did not enslave mankind against his will.
And then, Tatian says something that is profound when discussing the choice of man: Man is responsible for evil—
“NOTHING EVIL has been created by God. WE OURSELVES have manifested wickedness.”
Tatian’s words echo the words of James regarding temptation in James 1:
13 No one undergoing a trial should say, "I am being tempted by God." For God is not tempted by evil, [c] and He Himself doesn't tempt anyone. 14 But each person is tempted when he is drawn away and enticed by his own evil desires. 15 Then after desire has conceived, it gives birth to sin, and when sin is fully grown, it gives birth to death. (James 1:13-15, HCSB)
Remember these words: GOD IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR EVIL! It was all man’s doing, from the very beginning. Read Genesis 1 where God creates the world, and you won’t find God ever creating anything bad (or evil), nor will you find God creating darkness. In actuality, the Genesis account tells us that God created LIGHT, and separated the light from the DARKNESS—but NEVER do we read of God creating darkness!!
Last but not least, Tatian gives these words:
“But we, who have manifested it, are able again to reject it.”
Although we are responsible for wickedness, we can still reject it, we can still resist it. According to the Calvinist, God is the One who chooses FOR US; but this is not the response of the Bible. Instead, the Bible tells us that we have the power (from God) to resist sin and evil:
13 No temptation has overtaken you except what is common to humanity. God is faithful (Y) and He will not allow you to be tempted beyond what you are able, but with the temptation He will also provide a way of escape, (Z) so that you are able to bear it. (1 Corinthians 10:13, HCSB)
The Lord gives “provides a way of escape” whenever we face temptation. Notice Paul says this AFTER he writes, “God is faithful…” What we find here is that, even though God is not responsible for evil and temptation, nor does He create temptation, or cause us to be tempted, He is there, giving us His power and strength so that we can resist sin and do that which is right. Even in temptation, God doesn’t leave us alone!
Regarding 1 Corinthians 10:13, the church father Origen wrote the following:
“…We are not therefore to suppose that he who is tempted will by all means prove victorious in the struggle. It is similar to a man who contends in the arena. Although he is paired with his adversary on a just principle of arrangement, he does not NECESSARILY prove to be the winner. Yet, unless the powers of the combatants are equal, the prize of the victor will not be justly won. Nor will blame justly attach to the loser…it is not written that, in temptation, He will make a way of escape so that we WILL bear it. Rather, He makes a way of escape so that we can be ABLE to bear it. However, IT DEPENDS UPON OURSELVES TO USE THIS POWER THAT HE HAS GIVEN US with energy or with feebleness. THERE IS NO DOUBT THAT UNDER EVERY TEMPTATION WE HAVE A POWER OF ENDURANCE—IF WE PROPERLY USE THE STRENGTH THAT IS GRANTED US…” (Origen, from “A Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs,” pages 295-96).
God gives the power of endurance to ALL who believe on His name; however, we are responsible for utilizing the power that we have. If we fail to use this power properly, we can’t blame God—we can only blame ourselves.
I will continue with another quote in my next post.
“We were not created to die. Rather, we die by our own fault. Our free will has destroyed us. We who were free have become slaves. We have been sold through sin. Nothing evil has been created by God. We ourselves have manifested wickedness. But we, who have manifested it, are able again to reject it” (Tatian, c.160, 2.69,70; from “A Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs,” page 286).
First, Tatian tells us that death was not an original part of the equation for mankind. However, by man’s choice, sin and death entered the world. We read of God’s words in Genesis:
16 And the LORD God commanded the man, "You are free to eat from any tree of the garden, (P) 17 but you must not eat [l] from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, for on the day you eat from it, you will certainly die." (Genesis 2:16-17, Holman Christian Standard Bible)
Death would come as a consequence of eating the forbidden fruit; and in order for God to speak of death here shows us that death was not a necessary part of life for mankind, nor was death a given factor from the moment of man’s creation. Although death was not a given, death entered when Adam and Eve sinned in the Garden. We read God’s punishment to Adam:
17 And He said to Adam, "Because you listened to your wife's voice and ate from the tree about which I commanded you, 'Do not eat from it':
The ground is cursed because of you. (L)
You will eat from it by means of painful labor [e]
all the days of your life.
18 It will produce thorns and thistles for you,
and you will eat the plants of the field. (M)
19 You will eat bread [f] by the sweat of your brow
until you return to the ground, (N)
since you were taken from it.
For you are dust,
and you will return to dust." (Genesis 3:17-19, HCSB)
Because Adam ate from the ground, he would return to the dust.
Tatian writes these words (from above):
“Our free will has destroyed us. We who were free HAVE BECOME SLAVES. We have been sold through sin.”
Here, Tatian states that we were created free, but we enslaved ourselves. Mankind did what Paul warned the Galatians not to do in Galatians 5:1—“Christ has liberated us into freedom. Therefore STAND FIRM and DON’T SUBMIT AGAIN TO A YOKE OF SLAVERY.”
How did man do this? Paul gives us greater detail into our enslavement in Romans 6:
For just as you offered the parts [n] of yourselves as slaves to moral impurity, and to greater and greater lawlessness, so now offer them as slaves to righteousness, which results in sanctification. 20 For when you were slaves of sin, you were free from allegiance to righteousness. (AG) [o] 21 And what fruit was produced [p] then from the things you are now ashamed of? (AH) For the end of those things is death. (AI) 22 But now, since you have been liberated from sin and become enslaved to God, (AJ) you have your fruit, which results in sanctification (AK) [q] —and the end is eternal life! (AL) 23 For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord. (Romans 6: 19-22, HCSB)
A few verses earlier, Paul revealed the significance of the actions of the believer in righteousness:
16 Do you not know that if you offer yourselves to someone [k] as obedient slaves, (Z) you are slaves of that one you obey (AA) —either of sin leading to death (AB) or of obedience leading to righteousness? (Rom. 6:16)
Let’s examine Paul’s rhetoric here. He mentions that the Romans “offer yourselves” to whoever they obeyed. Normally, when we think of slaves, we think of someone who has been made a slave, or “forced” into slavery by a slavemaster; we never think of slaves as having placed THEMSELVES into slavery—for who would do such a ludicrous thing? Nonetheless, Paul makes it clear that mankind PLACED HIMSELF into enslavement to sin; sin did not enslave mankind against his will.
And then, Tatian says something that is profound when discussing the choice of man: Man is responsible for evil—
“NOTHING EVIL has been created by God. WE OURSELVES have manifested wickedness.”
Tatian’s words echo the words of James regarding temptation in James 1:
13 No one undergoing a trial should say, "I am being tempted by God." For God is not tempted by evil, [c] and He Himself doesn't tempt anyone. 14 But each person is tempted when he is drawn away and enticed by his own evil desires. 15 Then after desire has conceived, it gives birth to sin, and when sin is fully grown, it gives birth to death. (James 1:13-15, HCSB)
Remember these words: GOD IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR EVIL! It was all man’s doing, from the very beginning. Read Genesis 1 where God creates the world, and you won’t find God ever creating anything bad (or evil), nor will you find God creating darkness. In actuality, the Genesis account tells us that God created LIGHT, and separated the light from the DARKNESS—but NEVER do we read of God creating darkness!!
Last but not least, Tatian gives these words:
“But we, who have manifested it, are able again to reject it.”
Although we are responsible for wickedness, we can still reject it, we can still resist it. According to the Calvinist, God is the One who chooses FOR US; but this is not the response of the Bible. Instead, the Bible tells us that we have the power (from God) to resist sin and evil:
13 No temptation has overtaken you except what is common to humanity. God is faithful (Y) and He will not allow you to be tempted beyond what you are able, but with the temptation He will also provide a way of escape, (Z) so that you are able to bear it. (1 Corinthians 10:13, HCSB)
The Lord gives “provides a way of escape” whenever we face temptation. Notice Paul says this AFTER he writes, “God is faithful…” What we find here is that, even though God is not responsible for evil and temptation, nor does He create temptation, or cause us to be tempted, He is there, giving us His power and strength so that we can resist sin and do that which is right. Even in temptation, God doesn’t leave us alone!
Regarding 1 Corinthians 10:13, the church father Origen wrote the following:
“…We are not therefore to suppose that he who is tempted will by all means prove victorious in the struggle. It is similar to a man who contends in the arena. Although he is paired with his adversary on a just principle of arrangement, he does not NECESSARILY prove to be the winner. Yet, unless the powers of the combatants are equal, the prize of the victor will not be justly won. Nor will blame justly attach to the loser…it is not written that, in temptation, He will make a way of escape so that we WILL bear it. Rather, He makes a way of escape so that we can be ABLE to bear it. However, IT DEPENDS UPON OURSELVES TO USE THIS POWER THAT HE HAS GIVEN US with energy or with feebleness. THERE IS NO DOUBT THAT UNDER EVERY TEMPTATION WE HAVE A POWER OF ENDURANCE—IF WE PROPERLY USE THE STRENGTH THAT IS GRANTED US…” (Origen, from “A Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs,” pages 295-96).
God gives the power of endurance to ALL who believe on His name; however, we are responsible for utilizing the power that we have. If we fail to use this power properly, we can’t blame God—we can only blame ourselves.
I will continue with another quote in my next post.
Wednesday, July 29, 2009
Predestination and Free Will: The Church Fathers
I’ve been heavily involved in the subject of predestination and free will this summer (a part of the Calvinist-Arminian debate). However, for all the discussion I’ve provided here, I’ve done very little work on the views of the early church regarding these theological issues. So, starting today, I’m gonna bring you quotes daily from the church fathers.
For those of you who are dying to go book shopping (my favorite shopping), I recommend the book “A Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs” by editor David W. Bercot. The book is published by Hendrickson Publishers, and the seventh edition was printed in March 2008. If you want something on the theology of the church fathers, you should buy this book. You can order it from Amazon, Books-a-Million, or even Barnes and Noble.
I will be publishing and discussing quotes from that book here, as we explore what the church fathers had to say regarding the compatibility of free will and predestination. For most people, I think the views of the church fathers may shock them.
To begin here, I’d like to provide the first quote from an early Christian
apologist, Justin Martyr:
“Lest some suppose, from what has been said by us, that we say that whatever occurs happens by a FATAL NECESSITY, because it is foretold as known beforehand, this too we explain. We have learned from the prophets, and we hold it to be true, that punishments, chastisements, and good rewards, are rendered according to the merit of each man’s actions. Now, if this is not so, but all things happen by fate, THEN NEITHER IS ANYTHING AT ALL IN OUR POWER. For if it is predetermined that this man will be good, and this other man will be evil, neither is the first one meritorious nor the latter man to be blamed. And again, unless the human race has the power of avoiding evil and choosing good by free choice, they are not accountable for their actions (Justin Martyr, c. 160E, 1.177)” (“A Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs: A Reference Guide to More Than 700 Topics Discussed By the Early Church Fathers” by David W. Bercot, editor. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 2008.).
Justin Martyr says something in the above quote that I think is worth repeating: “For if it is predetermined that this man will be good, and this other man will be evil, neither is the first one meritorious nor the latter man to be blamed…” If God has decided everything for us, including our decision of eternity, then what need is there to bestow rewards upon those who “do right,” or bestow punishment upon those who “do evil”? Merit or reward can only come from someone who has “done” something of their own accord to receive, not someone who has been “forced” or “dragged” into doing something.
It seems from Martyr’s quote that he upholds both God’s divine foreknowledge and man’s free choice simultaneously. Justin Martyr doesn’t seem to be perplexed about whether or not they fit together—he believed that they peacefully coexisted, not that they were in theological tension.
In his last statement of the above quote, Justin Martyr shows how power and responsibility fit together: “…unless the human race has the POWER of avoiding evil and choosing good by free choice, they are not ACCOUNTABLE for their actions.” With power comes responsibility; but with responsibility also comes power. Man cannot be held responsible for wrong choices if he had no POWER over his choices. But free choice is negated (and so is power) if God PREDETERMINES someone’s choices in life (and eternity).
I’ll discuss more on the church fathers in the succeeding posts.
For those of you who are dying to go book shopping (my favorite shopping), I recommend the book “A Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs” by editor David W. Bercot. The book is published by Hendrickson Publishers, and the seventh edition was printed in March 2008. If you want something on the theology of the church fathers, you should buy this book. You can order it from Amazon, Books-a-Million, or even Barnes and Noble.
I will be publishing and discussing quotes from that book here, as we explore what the church fathers had to say regarding the compatibility of free will and predestination. For most people, I think the views of the church fathers may shock them.
To begin here, I’d like to provide the first quote from an early Christian
apologist, Justin Martyr:
“Lest some suppose, from what has been said by us, that we say that whatever occurs happens by a FATAL NECESSITY, because it is foretold as known beforehand, this too we explain. We have learned from the prophets, and we hold it to be true, that punishments, chastisements, and good rewards, are rendered according to the merit of each man’s actions. Now, if this is not so, but all things happen by fate, THEN NEITHER IS ANYTHING AT ALL IN OUR POWER. For if it is predetermined that this man will be good, and this other man will be evil, neither is the first one meritorious nor the latter man to be blamed. And again, unless the human race has the power of avoiding evil and choosing good by free choice, they are not accountable for their actions (Justin Martyr, c. 160E, 1.177)” (“A Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs: A Reference Guide to More Than 700 Topics Discussed By the Early Church Fathers” by David W. Bercot, editor. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 2008.).
Justin Martyr says something in the above quote that I think is worth repeating: “For if it is predetermined that this man will be good, and this other man will be evil, neither is the first one meritorious nor the latter man to be blamed…” If God has decided everything for us, including our decision of eternity, then what need is there to bestow rewards upon those who “do right,” or bestow punishment upon those who “do evil”? Merit or reward can only come from someone who has “done” something of their own accord to receive, not someone who has been “forced” or “dragged” into doing something.
It seems from Martyr’s quote that he upholds both God’s divine foreknowledge and man’s free choice simultaneously. Justin Martyr doesn’t seem to be perplexed about whether or not they fit together—he believed that they peacefully coexisted, not that they were in theological tension.
In his last statement of the above quote, Justin Martyr shows how power and responsibility fit together: “…unless the human race has the POWER of avoiding evil and choosing good by free choice, they are not ACCOUNTABLE for their actions.” With power comes responsibility; but with responsibility also comes power. Man cannot be held responsible for wrong choices if he had no POWER over his choices. But free choice is negated (and so is power) if God PREDETERMINES someone’s choices in life (and eternity).
I’ll discuss more on the church fathers in the succeeding posts.
Thursday, July 16, 2009
The Geisler Glitch Continued
In my last post, I critiqued Norman Geisler’s view of compatibilism and the biblical passages he gave intending to support his point. I examined the context of both of those passages and concluded that faith and works are not the same thing: we were not saved BY works, or BECAUSE OF works, but saved FOR WORKS! As Ephesians 2:10 told us in the last post, God prepared the works beforehand for the believer. Those who profess faith in Christ have a plan set by God, where, if we yield to the Spirit, we will conform to the image of His Son.
In this post, I am gonna continue to attack Geisler’s remarks regarding foreseen faith. Let me give the quote again here to keep us focused:
"This view faces SEVERAL PROBLEMS. First, the biblical data seem to say more than God simply KNEW what was going to happen. Scripture seems to say that God actually DETERMINED what was going to happen and that he even assures its accomplishment by effectively working to bring it about…Second, if God’s choice to save was based on those who chose him, then IT WOULD NOT BE BASED ON DIVINE GRACE BUT WOULD BE BASED ON HUMAN EFFORT. THIS FLIES IN THE FACE OF THE WHOLE BIBLICAL TEACHING ON GRACE (compare Eph. 2:8-9; Titus 3:5-7). And it is contrary to the clear teaching of several passages of Scripture that salvation does not spring from the human will. John said believers are ‘children born not of natural descent, NOR OF HUMAN DECISION or a husband’s will, but born of God’ (John 1:13). Paul adds, salvation does not ‘depend on man’s desire [will] or effort, but on God’s mercy’ (Rom. 9:16)” (Norman Geisler, from “Predestination and Free Will,” by eds. David and Randall Basinger, pages 66-67).
I’ve already explored Eph.2:8-9 and Titus 3:5-7; now I will tackle John 1:13 and Romans 9:16 respectively.
Let’s look at John 1:12-13—
12 But to all who did receive (P) Him, (Q) He gave them the right (R) to be [h] children (S) of God, (T) to those who believe (U) in His name, (V) 13 who were born, (W) not of blood, [i] or of the will (X) of the flesh, (Y) or of the will of man, [j] but of God.
Notice here that “those who believe in His name” receive “the right” of adoption as sons. Then, John writes that these people were not born “of the will of man, but of God.” All John is saying here is that God’s will is for humanity to be saved, that those who believe in Him are born of God. The Lord Jesus said the same thing to Nicodemus in John 3:
1 There was a man from the Pharisees (A) named Nicodemus, (B) a ruler (C) of the Jews. 2 This man came to Him at night and said, " Rabbi, (D) we know that You have come from God (E) as a teacher, (F) for no one could perform these signs You do unless God were with him." (G)
3 Jesus replied, " I assure you: Unless someone is born again, (H) [a] he cannot see the kingdom of God." (I)
4 "But how can anyone be born when he is old?" Nicodemus asked Him. "Can he enter his mother's womb a second time and be born?"
5 Jesus answered, " I assure you: Unless someone is born (J) of water and the Spirit, (K) [b] he cannot enter the kingdom of God. 6 Whatever is born of the flesh (L) is flesh, and whatever is born of the Spirit (M) is spirit. 7 Do not be amazed that I told you that you [c] must be born (N) again. 8 The wind [d] blows where it pleases, and you hear its sound, but you don't know where it comes from or where it is going. (O) So it is with everyone born of the Spirit."
Here the Lord states that, unless a man is born “again,” born “from above,” he cannot enter the Kingdom of Heaven. Jesus, using a spin on the Greek word “anothen,” meaning “again, from above,” told Nicodemus that he needed a “re-birth,” a spiritual birth—although Nicodemus believed that Christ was talking about a physical birth (Jn. 3:4).
In verse 5, Jesus expounds in greater detail what He meant by being “born again”: “Unless someone is born of WATER and the SPIRIT, he cannot enter the kingdom of God.” What did Jesus mean by the water and Spirit? Paul again comes to the rescue:
5 He saved us (A) — not by works of righteousness that we had done, (B) but according to His mercy, (C) through the washing of regeneration (D) and renewal by the Holy Spirit.
By regeneration, the rebirth, we are washed and made anew by the Spirit. Paul explains the washing further in Ephesians 5:
25 Husbands, love your wives, (AH) just as also Christ loved (AI) the church and gave Himself (AJ) for her, 26 to make her holy, cleansing [g] her in the washing of water by the word. 27 He did this to present the church to Himself in splendor, without spot or wrinkle or any such thing, but holy and blameless.
The washing occurs “by the word.” So when we are regenerated, we are “washed by the water of the word.” In the same way that water washes, cleans, and makes new, so does the word. The water here is a metaphor, as is made clear in Jesus’ words to Nicodemus in John 3. So when Christ talks about being born of the water and of the Spirit, He is not talking about baptism per se, although we think of baptism as part and parcel of the process. No, the key to Jesus’ words (and Paul’s) is that the Word is what brings about the rebirth. For “how can they call on Him in whom they have not believed? And how can they believe without hearing about Him? And how can they hear without a preacher?”(Romans 10:14, HCSB)
The importance of the Word is so great that, as John 3 unfolds, Jesus begins to explain the Old Testament Law to Nicodemus, who is supposed to be a Pharisee, a teacher of the people:
9 "How can these things be?" asked Nicodemus.
10 "Are you a teacher [e] of Israel and don't know these things?" Jesus replied. 11 " I assure you: (Q) We speak what We know and We testify to what We have seen, but you [f] do not accept Our testimony. [g] 12 If I have told you about things that happen on earth and you don't believe, how will you believe if I tell you about things of heaven? 13 No one has ascended (R) into heaven (S) except the One who descended from heaven (T) —the Son of Man. (U) [h] 14 Just as Moses (V) lifted up the snake in the wilderness, (W) so the Son of Man must be lifted up, 15 so that everyone who believes in Him will [i] have eternal life. (X)
16 "For God loved (Y) the world in this way: He gave His One and Only (Z) Son, (AA) so that everyone who believes in Him will not perish but have eternal life. (AB) 17 For God did not send His Son into the world that He might judge (AC) the world, but that the world might be saved through Him. 18 Anyone who believes in Him is not judged, (AD) but anyone who does not believe is already judged, (AE) because he has not believed in the name (AF) of the One and Only Son (AG) of God.
The serpent that was lifted up in the wilderness in the book of Numbers is a prefiguration of Christ, who was to be “lifted up,” or “crucified,” so that every man would have the opportunity to be saved.
So when John writes about being born of the will of God and not man, he is saying that man’s plans did not involve salvation—but God’s plan did. And the Word tells us how the Lord achieved His purposes for mankind at Calvary; for those who believe on His name (upon hearing the Word),they have the opportunity to become adopted as sons.
I will expound on Romans 9 in my next post.
In this post, I am gonna continue to attack Geisler’s remarks regarding foreseen faith. Let me give the quote again here to keep us focused:
"This view faces SEVERAL PROBLEMS. First, the biblical data seem to say more than God simply KNEW what was going to happen. Scripture seems to say that God actually DETERMINED what was going to happen and that he even assures its accomplishment by effectively working to bring it about…Second, if God’s choice to save was based on those who chose him, then IT WOULD NOT BE BASED ON DIVINE GRACE BUT WOULD BE BASED ON HUMAN EFFORT. THIS FLIES IN THE FACE OF THE WHOLE BIBLICAL TEACHING ON GRACE (compare Eph. 2:8-9; Titus 3:5-7). And it is contrary to the clear teaching of several passages of Scripture that salvation does not spring from the human will. John said believers are ‘children born not of natural descent, NOR OF HUMAN DECISION or a husband’s will, but born of God’ (John 1:13). Paul adds, salvation does not ‘depend on man’s desire [will] or effort, but on God’s mercy’ (Rom. 9:16)” (Norman Geisler, from “Predestination and Free Will,” by eds. David and Randall Basinger, pages 66-67).
I’ve already explored Eph.2:8-9 and Titus 3:5-7; now I will tackle John 1:13 and Romans 9:16 respectively.
Let’s look at John 1:12-13—
12 But to all who did receive (P) Him, (Q) He gave them the right (R) to be [h] children (S) of God, (T) to those who believe (U) in His name, (V) 13 who were born, (W) not of blood, [i] or of the will (X) of the flesh, (Y) or of the will of man, [j] but of God.
Notice here that “those who believe in His name” receive “the right” of adoption as sons. Then, John writes that these people were not born “of the will of man, but of God.” All John is saying here is that God’s will is for humanity to be saved, that those who believe in Him are born of God. The Lord Jesus said the same thing to Nicodemus in John 3:
1 There was a man from the Pharisees (A) named Nicodemus, (B) a ruler (C) of the Jews. 2 This man came to Him at night and said, " Rabbi, (D) we know that You have come from God (E) as a teacher, (F) for no one could perform these signs You do unless God were with him." (G)
3 Jesus replied, " I assure you: Unless someone is born again, (H) [a] he cannot see the kingdom of God." (I)
4 "But how can anyone be born when he is old?" Nicodemus asked Him. "Can he enter his mother's womb a second time and be born?"
5 Jesus answered, " I assure you: Unless someone is born (J) of water and the Spirit, (K) [b] he cannot enter the kingdom of God. 6 Whatever is born of the flesh (L) is flesh, and whatever is born of the Spirit (M) is spirit. 7 Do not be amazed that I told you that you [c] must be born (N) again. 8 The wind [d] blows where it pleases, and you hear its sound, but you don't know where it comes from or where it is going. (O) So it is with everyone born of the Spirit."
Here the Lord states that, unless a man is born “again,” born “from above,” he cannot enter the Kingdom of Heaven. Jesus, using a spin on the Greek word “anothen,” meaning “again, from above,” told Nicodemus that he needed a “re-birth,” a spiritual birth—although Nicodemus believed that Christ was talking about a physical birth (Jn. 3:4).
In verse 5, Jesus expounds in greater detail what He meant by being “born again”: “Unless someone is born of WATER and the SPIRIT, he cannot enter the kingdom of God.” What did Jesus mean by the water and Spirit? Paul again comes to the rescue:
5 He saved us (A) — not by works of righteousness that we had done, (B) but according to His mercy, (C) through the washing of regeneration (D) and renewal by the Holy Spirit.
By regeneration, the rebirth, we are washed and made anew by the Spirit. Paul explains the washing further in Ephesians 5:
25 Husbands, love your wives, (AH) just as also Christ loved (AI) the church and gave Himself (AJ) for her, 26 to make her holy, cleansing [g] her in the washing of water by the word. 27 He did this to present the church to Himself in splendor, without spot or wrinkle or any such thing, but holy and blameless.
The washing occurs “by the word.” So when we are regenerated, we are “washed by the water of the word.” In the same way that water washes, cleans, and makes new, so does the word. The water here is a metaphor, as is made clear in Jesus’ words to Nicodemus in John 3. So when Christ talks about being born of the water and of the Spirit, He is not talking about baptism per se, although we think of baptism as part and parcel of the process. No, the key to Jesus’ words (and Paul’s) is that the Word is what brings about the rebirth. For “how can they call on Him in whom they have not believed? And how can they believe without hearing about Him? And how can they hear without a preacher?”(Romans 10:14, HCSB)
The importance of the Word is so great that, as John 3 unfolds, Jesus begins to explain the Old Testament Law to Nicodemus, who is supposed to be a Pharisee, a teacher of the people:
9 "How can these things be?" asked Nicodemus.
10 "Are you a teacher [e] of Israel and don't know these things?" Jesus replied. 11 " I assure you: (Q) We speak what We know and We testify to what We have seen, but you [f] do not accept Our testimony. [g] 12 If I have told you about things that happen on earth and you don't believe, how will you believe if I tell you about things of heaven? 13 No one has ascended (R) into heaven (S) except the One who descended from heaven (T) —the Son of Man. (U) [h] 14 Just as Moses (V) lifted up the snake in the wilderness, (W) so the Son of Man must be lifted up, 15 so that everyone who believes in Him will [i] have eternal life. (X)
16 "For God loved (Y) the world in this way: He gave His One and Only (Z) Son, (AA) so that everyone who believes in Him will not perish but have eternal life. (AB) 17 For God did not send His Son into the world that He might judge (AC) the world, but that the world might be saved through Him. 18 Anyone who believes in Him is not judged, (AD) but anyone who does not believe is already judged, (AE) because he has not believed in the name (AF) of the One and Only Son (AG) of God.
The serpent that was lifted up in the wilderness in the book of Numbers is a prefiguration of Christ, who was to be “lifted up,” or “crucified,” so that every man would have the opportunity to be saved.
So when John writes about being born of the will of God and not man, he is saying that man’s plans did not involve salvation—but God’s plan did. And the Word tells us how the Lord achieved His purposes for mankind at Calvary; for those who believe on His name (upon hearing the Word),they have the opportunity to become adopted as sons.
I will expound on Romans 9 in my next post.
Tuesday, July 14, 2009
The Geisler Glitch
In the work “Predestination & Free Will” by brother-editors David and Randall Basinger, Norman Geisler contributes a chapter called “God Knows All Things.” John Feinberg writes the first chapter (prior to Geisler) and serves as the Regular Calvinist of the bunch. Geisler, however, writes as the “Modified” Calvinist: while he affirms God’s exhaustive foreknowledge and free will, he argues that God is the cause of all things; therefore, if man gets to choose, God is the cause of the choice—thus making God responsible for both good AND evil. This is what he writes in his section titled “Theological Views”:
“Some evangelicals believe that God knows in advance (by his omniscience) just what choices everyone will make, for example, whether to accept or to reject salvation. Hence, on the basis of their foreknown free choice to accept Christ, God chooses (elects) to save them. Thus humans are totally free to accept or reject God, being under no coercion from him. On the other hand, since God is all-knowing, he is in sovereign control of the whole universe because he knew what everyone would choose to do, even before he created the world. In short, humans are entirely free and yet God is in complete control of the universe. But the ‘control’ is not based on coercion of the events but on KNOWLEDGE of what the free agents would do.
This view faces SEVERAL PROBLEMS. First, the biblical data seem to say more than God simply KNEW what was going to happen. Scripture seems to say that God actually DETERMINED what was going to happen and that he even assures its accomplishment by effectively working to bring it about…Second, if God’s choice to save was based on those who chose him, then IT WOULD NOT BE BASED ON DIVINE GRACE BUT WOULD BE BASED ON HUMAN EFFORT. THIS FLIES IN THE FACE OF THE WHOLE BIBLICAL TEACHING ON GRACE (compare Eph. 2:8-9; Titus 3:5-7). And it is contrary to the clear teaching of several passages of Scripture that salvation does not spring from the human will. John said believers are ‘children born not of natural descent, NOR OF HUMAN DECISION or a husband’s will, but born of God’ (John 1:13). Paul adds, salvation does not ‘depend on man’s desire [will] or effort, but on God’s mercy’ (Rom. 9:16)” (Norman Geisler, from “Predestination and Free Will,” by eds. David and Randall Basinger, pages 66-67).
I remember when mom bought our family a Compaq desktop computer back some twelve or thirteen years ago. My sister and I needed the computer for school work, as we were getting into the “computer age,” where EVERYTHING was being done on computers. It was so fun when we finally brought it home from the Radio Shack where we purchased it. But what we didn’t know was that the software (Windows 95) had a glitch in it: some small “hole” or imperfection about it that would affect its performance. Everything seemed fine—until one day, the glitch had hidden itself long enough. From that moment on, we faced the fact that there was a glitch in the software and that we would have to live with it—until we could afford new software.
Arguments can seem like that, too: solid, effective, and fresh—until you peel back the frame and see what they’re really made of. The same goes for Geisler’s argument. He seems, all throughout his chapter on “God Knows All Things,” to uphold Divine Sovereignty and Human Responsibility side-by-side in perfect harmony—until he gets to the issue of predetermination and foreknowledge.
Geisler responds to the Arminian view of foreknowledge with what he claims is proof against the position: Philippians 1:6—
“I am sure of this, that He who started a good work in you will carry it on to completion until the day of Christ Jesus.”
The problem with the above verse is that it has been taken out of context. Read Philippians 1:7 and you’ll understand:
“It is right for me to think this way about all of you, because I have you in my heart, and YOU ARE ALL PARTNERS WITH ME IN GRACE, both in my imprisonment and in the defense and establishment of the gospel.” (HCSB)
Paul says that his feeling toward them is proper not just because he loved them (which he did)—but because they had actually been laboring in love for Christ: “you are all partners with me in grace, both in my IMPRISONMENT and in the DEFENSE and ESTABLISHMENT of the gospel.” The church at Philippi had been active alongside of Paul in spreading the gospel. In verse 6, he credits this work to God (“He who started a good work in you will carry it on to completion”); however, in verse 7, he makes it clear that the Philippians have physically done the work. The Philippians, however, are YIELDING to the work that God is doing inside of them. The Lord does cause us to be “conformed to the image of His Son” (Romans 8: ). Paul does the same thing in Philippians 2:12-13—
“…work out your own salvation with fear and trembling. For it is God who is working in you, [enabling you] both to will and to act for His good purpose” (HCSB).
Paul first tells the Philippians to physically live out their salvation; then he tells them to do it: because “God…is working in you”. In other words, God is in them, so their lives should reflect God’s work in their words and deeds.
In verse 15 Paul tells them the ethical importance of living to show God’s presence
in their lives:
“so that you may be BLAMELESS AND PURE, children of God who are FAULTLESS in a crooked and perverted generation, among whom YOU SHINE LIKE STARS in the world.”
Paul’s words here echo Jesus’ words in Matthew 5:
“No one lights a lamp and puts it under a basket, but rather on a lampstand, and it gives light for all who are in the house. In the same way, LET YOUR LIGHT SHINE BEFORE MEN, so that they may see your good works and GIVE GLORY TO YOUR FATHER IN HEAVEN” (Matthew 5:15-16, HCSB).
The set purpose for living to reflect God’s presence in our lives is so that God would be glorified. And when we don’t, we blaspheme God’s name instead of bringing glory to it. David’s murder of Uriah, and affair with Bathsheba, caused the enemies of God to blaspheme the LORD—and that is why David’s “sin child” with Bathsheba died (2 Samuel 11:13-14).
The next attack Geisler makes about foreknowledge before predetermination is that, if it is true, then human will is involved in salvation. Geisler then quotes two passages, Ephesians 2:8-9 and Titus 3:5-7. Let’s look at each of these passages.
Ephesians 2:8-9 talks about “for by grace you have been saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God. Not by works, so that no one should boast.”
The “that” in “and that not of yourselves” does not refer to “faith,” but “saved” (salvation). However, to make this statement, one must PRESUPPOSE that faith is a work—and it is not. For, in the passage of Ephesians 2 that Geisler mentions on page 66 of “Predestination and Free Will,” we read that “for by grace you have been saved THROUGH FAITH.” First, we needed grace, unmerited favor (for we deserved nothing short of death and eternal separation from God). But, then, salvation is not appropriated until, given the grace of God by the Spirit of Grace, we demonstrate FAITH in the Son of God. So when we profess Christ as Lord and Savior, we are only accepting and receiving the work Christ DID for us. There’s nothing that we’re doing to “merit” salvation.
In Titus 3:5-7, the context is “the importance of good works”! When Paul tells them that “He saved us—not by works of righteousness that we had done, but according to His mercy…” (3:5), Paul is saying that those in Titus’ congregation (and fellow believers today) that we should “be submissive to rulers…to obey, to be ready for EVERY GOOD WORK…” because we have been freed from our former course of life: “for we too were once FOOLISH, DISOBEDIENT, DECEIVED, CAPTIVES OF VARIOUS PASSIONS AND PLEASURES, living in malice and envy, hateful, detesting one another” (Titus 3:3, HCSB). The believer should do good works because HE HAS BEEN SAVED FOR THIS VERY PURPOSE! Before the believer was saved, he could only live out the course of this world—he couldn’t live a godly life! But now, the believer has been given the Spirit by which he is to be controlled; and thus, should live a godly life because his life in Christ is to be different than his life was while he was enslaved to sin.
“The works of righteousness” of Titus 3:5, however, DOES NOT cancel out the good works of the same chapter! Paul is saying that our salvation did not come from good works; however, our new life in Christ is to be characterized by good works. To use Ephesians 2 once more,
“For we are His creation—created in Christ Jesus FOR GOOD WORKS, WHICH GOD PREPARED AHEAD OF TIME so that we should walk in them” (Ephesians 2:10, HCSB).
The good works were prepared beforehand (before time) for us to walk in them. The believer’s walk was PREDESTINED for good works. Because this is the plan, the believer should live up to the plan, allow the plan to take root in their lives and produce fruit for the kingdom of God. If Calvinists (such as Geisler and even those of Feinberg’s position) are gonna interpret these verses to say that the believer can do NOTHING GOOD unless the Spirit pushes us to do it, then Calvinists need to be consistent and argue that, even after salvation, there is no importance in issues like endurance. They seem so die-hard sure about perseverance, that believers should persevere; but when you talk to them about foreseen faith, now, a person can’t believe unless God “elects” them to salvation! If the Lord pulls you into salvation to begin with (He “unconditionally” elects you), then He will UNCONDITIONALLY PERSEVERE you (which means that you don’t need a statement of perseverance). In the words of Paul’s attack on antinomianism (no law) in Romans,
“But if by my lie God’s truth is amplified to His glory, why am I also still judged as a sinner? And why not say, JUST AS SOME PEOPLE SLANDEROUSLY CLAIM WE SAY, ‘Let us do evil so that good may come’? THEIR CONDEMNATION IS DESERVED!” (Romans 3:7-8, HCSB)
“Some evangelicals believe that God knows in advance (by his omniscience) just what choices everyone will make, for example, whether to accept or to reject salvation. Hence, on the basis of their foreknown free choice to accept Christ, God chooses (elects) to save them. Thus humans are totally free to accept or reject God, being under no coercion from him. On the other hand, since God is all-knowing, he is in sovereign control of the whole universe because he knew what everyone would choose to do, even before he created the world. In short, humans are entirely free and yet God is in complete control of the universe. But the ‘control’ is not based on coercion of the events but on KNOWLEDGE of what the free agents would do.
This view faces SEVERAL PROBLEMS. First, the biblical data seem to say more than God simply KNEW what was going to happen. Scripture seems to say that God actually DETERMINED what was going to happen and that he even assures its accomplishment by effectively working to bring it about…Second, if God’s choice to save was based on those who chose him, then IT WOULD NOT BE BASED ON DIVINE GRACE BUT WOULD BE BASED ON HUMAN EFFORT. THIS FLIES IN THE FACE OF THE WHOLE BIBLICAL TEACHING ON GRACE (compare Eph. 2:8-9; Titus 3:5-7). And it is contrary to the clear teaching of several passages of Scripture that salvation does not spring from the human will. John said believers are ‘children born not of natural descent, NOR OF HUMAN DECISION or a husband’s will, but born of God’ (John 1:13). Paul adds, salvation does not ‘depend on man’s desire [will] or effort, but on God’s mercy’ (Rom. 9:16)” (Norman Geisler, from “Predestination and Free Will,” by eds. David and Randall Basinger, pages 66-67).
I remember when mom bought our family a Compaq desktop computer back some twelve or thirteen years ago. My sister and I needed the computer for school work, as we were getting into the “computer age,” where EVERYTHING was being done on computers. It was so fun when we finally brought it home from the Radio Shack where we purchased it. But what we didn’t know was that the software (Windows 95) had a glitch in it: some small “hole” or imperfection about it that would affect its performance. Everything seemed fine—until one day, the glitch had hidden itself long enough. From that moment on, we faced the fact that there was a glitch in the software and that we would have to live with it—until we could afford new software.
Arguments can seem like that, too: solid, effective, and fresh—until you peel back the frame and see what they’re really made of. The same goes for Geisler’s argument. He seems, all throughout his chapter on “God Knows All Things,” to uphold Divine Sovereignty and Human Responsibility side-by-side in perfect harmony—until he gets to the issue of predetermination and foreknowledge.
Geisler responds to the Arminian view of foreknowledge with what he claims is proof against the position: Philippians 1:6—
“I am sure of this, that He who started a good work in you will carry it on to completion until the day of Christ Jesus.”
The problem with the above verse is that it has been taken out of context. Read Philippians 1:7 and you’ll understand:
“It is right for me to think this way about all of you, because I have you in my heart, and YOU ARE ALL PARTNERS WITH ME IN GRACE, both in my imprisonment and in the defense and establishment of the gospel.” (HCSB)
Paul says that his feeling toward them is proper not just because he loved them (which he did)—but because they had actually been laboring in love for Christ: “you are all partners with me in grace, both in my IMPRISONMENT and in the DEFENSE and ESTABLISHMENT of the gospel.” The church at Philippi had been active alongside of Paul in spreading the gospel. In verse 6, he credits this work to God (“He who started a good work in you will carry it on to completion”); however, in verse 7, he makes it clear that the Philippians have physically done the work. The Philippians, however, are YIELDING to the work that God is doing inside of them. The Lord does cause us to be “conformed to the image of His Son” (Romans 8: ). Paul does the same thing in Philippians 2:12-13—
“…work out your own salvation with fear and trembling. For it is God who is working in you, [enabling you] both to will and to act for His good purpose” (HCSB).
Paul first tells the Philippians to physically live out their salvation; then he tells them to do it: because “God…is working in you”. In other words, God is in them, so their lives should reflect God’s work in their words and deeds.
In verse 15 Paul tells them the ethical importance of living to show God’s presence
in their lives:
“so that you may be BLAMELESS AND PURE, children of God who are FAULTLESS in a crooked and perverted generation, among whom YOU SHINE LIKE STARS in the world.”
Paul’s words here echo Jesus’ words in Matthew 5:
“No one lights a lamp and puts it under a basket, but rather on a lampstand, and it gives light for all who are in the house. In the same way, LET YOUR LIGHT SHINE BEFORE MEN, so that they may see your good works and GIVE GLORY TO YOUR FATHER IN HEAVEN” (Matthew 5:15-16, HCSB).
The set purpose for living to reflect God’s presence in our lives is so that God would be glorified. And when we don’t, we blaspheme God’s name instead of bringing glory to it. David’s murder of Uriah, and affair with Bathsheba, caused the enemies of God to blaspheme the LORD—and that is why David’s “sin child” with Bathsheba died (2 Samuel 11:13-14).
The next attack Geisler makes about foreknowledge before predetermination is that, if it is true, then human will is involved in salvation. Geisler then quotes two passages, Ephesians 2:8-9 and Titus 3:5-7. Let’s look at each of these passages.
Ephesians 2:8-9 talks about “for by grace you have been saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God. Not by works, so that no one should boast.”
The “that” in “and that not of yourselves” does not refer to “faith,” but “saved” (salvation). However, to make this statement, one must PRESUPPOSE that faith is a work—and it is not. For, in the passage of Ephesians 2 that Geisler mentions on page 66 of “Predestination and Free Will,” we read that “for by grace you have been saved THROUGH FAITH.” First, we needed grace, unmerited favor (for we deserved nothing short of death and eternal separation from God). But, then, salvation is not appropriated until, given the grace of God by the Spirit of Grace, we demonstrate FAITH in the Son of God. So when we profess Christ as Lord and Savior, we are only accepting and receiving the work Christ DID for us. There’s nothing that we’re doing to “merit” salvation.
In Titus 3:5-7, the context is “the importance of good works”! When Paul tells them that “He saved us—not by works of righteousness that we had done, but according to His mercy…” (3:5), Paul is saying that those in Titus’ congregation (and fellow believers today) that we should “be submissive to rulers…to obey, to be ready for EVERY GOOD WORK…” because we have been freed from our former course of life: “for we too were once FOOLISH, DISOBEDIENT, DECEIVED, CAPTIVES OF VARIOUS PASSIONS AND PLEASURES, living in malice and envy, hateful, detesting one another” (Titus 3:3, HCSB). The believer should do good works because HE HAS BEEN SAVED FOR THIS VERY PURPOSE! Before the believer was saved, he could only live out the course of this world—he couldn’t live a godly life! But now, the believer has been given the Spirit by which he is to be controlled; and thus, should live a godly life because his life in Christ is to be different than his life was while he was enslaved to sin.
“The works of righteousness” of Titus 3:5, however, DOES NOT cancel out the good works of the same chapter! Paul is saying that our salvation did not come from good works; however, our new life in Christ is to be characterized by good works. To use Ephesians 2 once more,
“For we are His creation—created in Christ Jesus FOR GOOD WORKS, WHICH GOD PREPARED AHEAD OF TIME so that we should walk in them” (Ephesians 2:10, HCSB).
The good works were prepared beforehand (before time) for us to walk in them. The believer’s walk was PREDESTINED for good works. Because this is the plan, the believer should live up to the plan, allow the plan to take root in their lives and produce fruit for the kingdom of God. If Calvinists (such as Geisler and even those of Feinberg’s position) are gonna interpret these verses to say that the believer can do NOTHING GOOD unless the Spirit pushes us to do it, then Calvinists need to be consistent and argue that, even after salvation, there is no importance in issues like endurance. They seem so die-hard sure about perseverance, that believers should persevere; but when you talk to them about foreseen faith, now, a person can’t believe unless God “elects” them to salvation! If the Lord pulls you into salvation to begin with (He “unconditionally” elects you), then He will UNCONDITIONALLY PERSEVERE you (which means that you don’t need a statement of perseverance). In the words of Paul’s attack on antinomianism (no law) in Romans,
“But if by my lie God’s truth is amplified to His glory, why am I also still judged as a sinner? And why not say, JUST AS SOME PEOPLE SLANDEROUSLY CLAIM WE SAY, ‘Let us do evil so that good may come’? THEIR CONDEMNATION IS DESERVED!” (Romans 3:7-8, HCSB)
Predestination & Free Will: An Issue of Foreknowledge or Sovereignty?
“We must rethink what we mean by God’s omniscience. A very high percentage of Christians hold that God knows everything, even the future, in exhaustive detail. This means that everything you and I will ever decide to do has ALREADY BEEN SPELLED OUT in the register of what will most certainly happen. Thus the belief that we are actually choosing between alternative courses of action is a mistake and an illusion. If God now knows that tomorrow you will select A and not B, then your belief that you will be making a genuine choice is mistaken. I agree with the traditional Calvinists that strong omniscience ENTAILS STRONG PREDESTINATION and also with Luther who argued precisely this against Erasmus. Invoking timelessness as C.S. Lewis and Aquinas do is no help. If God knows eternally that A will be the selection and not B, then it is still an illusion that any genuine alternative will exist at the time of the decision. It would appear to me that actions which are infallibly foreknown or timelessly known cannot be free in the required biblical sense” (Clark Pinnock in the chapter “God Limits His Knowledge,” from “Predestination & Free Will: Four Views of Divine Sovereignty & Human Freedom” by Editors David and Randall Basinger. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1986, pages 156-157).
Here is Clark Pinnock at his best. For those who have not read his chapter titled “From Augustine to Arminius: A Pilgrimage in Theology” from his edited book “The Grace of God and the Will of Man,” I highly recommend it. The chapter is a summary of Pinnock’s story, revealing his change in theology from a conservative Calvinism to a New Arminianism (Neo-Arminianism). In Pinnock’s mind, since free will exists, then, for a choice to be truly free, one has to revise one’s understanding of divine foreknowledge. In Pinnock’s understanding, genuine free choice and exhaustive divine foreknowledge cannot coexist.
But I would like to submit that Pinnock’s response, although originating from a wrong approach, does bring the serious student of Scripture face-to-face with the question of how to reconcile predestination and free will. How do the two reconcile?
I would like to submit, however, that Pinnock’s perspective is due to a faulty understanding of what is meant by free will. For the classical Arminian, free will is appropriately termed “LIBERTARIAN FREE WILL.” This concept distinguishes the classical or evangelical Arminian from Clark Pinnock, who is a Neo-Arminian. Libertarian free will states that man is given choices—but those choices are limited, or fixed within boundaries. Scripturally, we see this in Genesis with God’s warning to Adam and Eve:
“And the LORD God commanded the man, ‘You are free to eat from any tree of the garden, but you must not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, for on the day you eat from it, you will certainly die’” (Genesis 2:16-17, Holman Christian Standard Bible).
Adam and Eve were told that the tree of the knowledge of good and evil was “off-limits” to them. They had several other options in the Garden: there were LOTS of trees Adam and Eve could eat from…but the one tree they were forbidden to eat from.
And you would think that, within this boundary (one tree), Adam and Eve could be happy, WOULD be happy. If you weigh one tree versus literally HUNDREDS of trees, it seems as if not eating from one tree really isn’t all that bad of a commandment to follow. It’s only one tree, right? I mean, what could a person miss by not eating from ONE LITTLE TREE?
Evidently, EVERYTHING! Adam and Eve didn’t really think on the one tree until the serpent began to “advertise” the tree a bit:
“ ‘No! You will not die,’ the serpent said to the woman. ‘In fact, God knows that when you eat it YOUR EYES WILL BE OPENED AND YOU WILL BE LIKE GOD, KNOWING GOOD AND EVIL’” (Genesis 3:4-5, HCSB).
The serpent made it clear that Adam and Eve could rise beyond their current state as creatures and become equal to their Creator! It was a ridiculous thought, but the idea seemed to entice them both. It was control, the idea of becoming “like God” that drove them to turn against their benevolent Creator. They wanted to test the idea that they could become equal to God, instead of respecting their Creator and realizing that they could NEVER become equal to Him! In short, they wanted to “cross the boundaries” of their existence.
But what happened when they ate the fruit? They gained knowledge of good and evil, but they experienced punishment by the LORD, who drove them out of the Garden of Eden. Since Adam and Eve couldn’t respect their being made in the image of God, the LORD allowed them to live on their own, promising them that one day, they would return to the dust from whence they came (Gen. 3:19, HCSB).
Clark Pinnock’s idea, however, is very similar to Adam’s and Eve’s—except it involves the reverse idea. With Adam and Eve, it was the idea that they could become LIKE GOD that drove them; with Pinnock, it’s the idea that God is LIKE US that drives him to argue against God’s exhaustive foreknowledge of all events. In his eyes, a free choice allows us to go even beyond what God knows. But Genesis doesn’t say this. Genesis tells us that, from the beginning, God gave man boundaries as to the extent of his choices. And the same God that set boundaries for Adam and Eve is the same God who has set boundaries for the rest of human creation. Nothing we do is ever outside or beyond God’s control or foreknowledge. With Pinnock, though, man is his own god, and therefore able to make choices that even the God of the Universe isn’t aware of.
How can man make free choices IF God already knows about them beforehand? Well, the answer is found in the classical Arminian view of libertarian freedom. As stated above, this view allows man to make choices WITHIN SET BOUNDARIES. As I heard it discussed in class by my former Apologetics instructor Dr. Bruce Alva Little, free will in and of itself conjures up thoughts of autonomous free will…and there are certain things that man is not able to do (like fly, for instance). Man does not have autonomous free will to choose to fly, or to change shape, or to change from his human state. There are things that man can do, such as mold his shape through exercise and such; but he cannot CHANGE his shape and turn into a square, for instance. Man cannot become an animal, or spread his arms, have them turn into wings, and fly over land and sea. Man cannot create a world from nothing (as God did); neither can he raise the dead and bring them back to life. And, last but not least, there are MANY THINGS that humans cannot know (such as future events) afar off. Only God can know those things.
I leave you, the reader, with the words of the LORD God Himself in response to righteous Job:
2 Who is this who obscures [My] counsel
with ignorant words? (B)
3 Get ready to answer Me like a man;
when I question (C) you, you will inform Me.
4 Where were you when I established (D) the earth?
Tell [Me], if you have [a] understanding.
5 Who fixed its dimensions? Certainly you know!
Who stretched a measuring line across it?
6 What supports its foundations?
Or who laid its cornerstone
7 while the morning stars sang together
and all the sons of God (E) shouted for joy?
8 Who enclosed the sea behind doors
when it burst from the womb,
9 when I made the clouds its garment
and thick darkness its blanket, (F) [b]
10 when I determined its boundaries [c]
and put [its] bars and doors in place,
11 when I declared: "You may come this far, but no farther;
your proud waves stop here"?
12 Have you ever in your life commanded the morning
or assigned the dawn its place,
13 so it may seize the edges of the earth
and shake the wicked out of it?
14 The earth is changed as clay is by a seal;
[its hills] stand out like [the folds of] a garment.
15 Light [d] is withheld from the wicked,
and the arm raised [in violence] is broken.
16 Have you traveled to the sources of the sea
or walked in the depths of the oceans?
17 Have the gates (G) of death been revealed to you?
Have you seen the gates of death's shadow?
18 Have you comprehended the extent of the earth?
Tell [Me], if you know all this.
19 Where is the road to the home of light?
[Do you know] where darkness lives,
20 so you can lead it back to its border?
Are you familiar with the paths to its home?
21 Don't you know? You were already born; (H)
you have lived so long! [e]
22 Have you entered the [place] where the snow is stored?
Or have you seen the storehouses of hail, (I)
23 which I hold in reserve for times of trouble,
for the day of warfare and battle? (J)
24 What road leads to [the place] where light is dispersed? [f]
[Where is the source of] the east wind that spreads across the earth?
25 Who cuts a channel for the flooding rain
or clears the way for lightning,
26 to bring rain on an uninhabited land,
[on] a desert with no human life, [g]
27 to satisfy the parched wasteland
and cause the grass to sprout? (K)
28 Does the rain have a father?
Who fathered the drops of dew? (L)
29 Whose womb did the ice come from?
Who gave birth to the frost of heaven
30 when water becomes as hard as stone, [h]
and the surface of the watery depths is frozen? (M)
31 Can you fasten the chains of the Pleiades
or loosen the belt of Orion?
32 Can you bring out the constellations [i] in their season
and lead the Bear [j] and her cubs? (N)
33 Do you know the laws (O) of heaven?
Can you impose its [k] authority on earth?
34 Can you command [l] the clouds
so that a flood of water covers you? (P)
35 Can you send out lightning (Q) bolts, and they go?
Do they report to you: "Here we are"?
36 Who put wisdom (R) in the heart [m]
or gave the mind understanding?
37 Who has the wisdom to number the clouds?
Or who can tilt the water jars of heaven
38 when the dust hardens like cast metal
and the clods [of dirt] stick together?
39 Can you hunt prey for a lioness
or satisfy the appetite of young lions (S)
40 when they crouch in their dens
and lie in wait within their lairs?
41 Who provides the raven's food (T)
when its young cry out to God
and wander about for lack of food? (Job 38:2-41, HCSB)
Footnotes:
a. Job 38:4 Lit know
b. Job 38:9 Lit swaddling clothes
c. Job 38:10 Lit I broke My statute on it
d. Job 38:15 Lit Their light
e. Job 38:21 Lit born; the number of your days is great
f. Job 38:24 Or where lightning is distributed
g. Job 38:26 Lit life in it
h. Job 38:30 Lit water hides itself as the stone
i. Job 38:32 Or Mazzaroth; Hb obscure
j. Job 38:32 Or lead Aldebaran
k. Job 38:33 Or God's
l. Job 38:34 Lit lift up your voice to
m. Job 38:36 Or the inner self; [Ps 51:6]
Here is Clark Pinnock at his best. For those who have not read his chapter titled “From Augustine to Arminius: A Pilgrimage in Theology” from his edited book “The Grace of God and the Will of Man,” I highly recommend it. The chapter is a summary of Pinnock’s story, revealing his change in theology from a conservative Calvinism to a New Arminianism (Neo-Arminianism). In Pinnock’s mind, since free will exists, then, for a choice to be truly free, one has to revise one’s understanding of divine foreknowledge. In Pinnock’s understanding, genuine free choice and exhaustive divine foreknowledge cannot coexist.
But I would like to submit that Pinnock’s response, although originating from a wrong approach, does bring the serious student of Scripture face-to-face with the question of how to reconcile predestination and free will. How do the two reconcile?
I would like to submit, however, that Pinnock’s perspective is due to a faulty understanding of what is meant by free will. For the classical Arminian, free will is appropriately termed “LIBERTARIAN FREE WILL.” This concept distinguishes the classical or evangelical Arminian from Clark Pinnock, who is a Neo-Arminian. Libertarian free will states that man is given choices—but those choices are limited, or fixed within boundaries. Scripturally, we see this in Genesis with God’s warning to Adam and Eve:
“And the LORD God commanded the man, ‘You are free to eat from any tree of the garden, but you must not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, for on the day you eat from it, you will certainly die’” (Genesis 2:16-17, Holman Christian Standard Bible).
Adam and Eve were told that the tree of the knowledge of good and evil was “off-limits” to them. They had several other options in the Garden: there were LOTS of trees Adam and Eve could eat from…but the one tree they were forbidden to eat from.
And you would think that, within this boundary (one tree), Adam and Eve could be happy, WOULD be happy. If you weigh one tree versus literally HUNDREDS of trees, it seems as if not eating from one tree really isn’t all that bad of a commandment to follow. It’s only one tree, right? I mean, what could a person miss by not eating from ONE LITTLE TREE?
Evidently, EVERYTHING! Adam and Eve didn’t really think on the one tree until the serpent began to “advertise” the tree a bit:
“ ‘No! You will not die,’ the serpent said to the woman. ‘In fact, God knows that when you eat it YOUR EYES WILL BE OPENED AND YOU WILL BE LIKE GOD, KNOWING GOOD AND EVIL’” (Genesis 3:4-5, HCSB).
The serpent made it clear that Adam and Eve could rise beyond their current state as creatures and become equal to their Creator! It was a ridiculous thought, but the idea seemed to entice them both. It was control, the idea of becoming “like God” that drove them to turn against their benevolent Creator. They wanted to test the idea that they could become equal to God, instead of respecting their Creator and realizing that they could NEVER become equal to Him! In short, they wanted to “cross the boundaries” of their existence.
But what happened when they ate the fruit? They gained knowledge of good and evil, but they experienced punishment by the LORD, who drove them out of the Garden of Eden. Since Adam and Eve couldn’t respect their being made in the image of God, the LORD allowed them to live on their own, promising them that one day, they would return to the dust from whence they came (Gen. 3:19, HCSB).
Clark Pinnock’s idea, however, is very similar to Adam’s and Eve’s—except it involves the reverse idea. With Adam and Eve, it was the idea that they could become LIKE GOD that drove them; with Pinnock, it’s the idea that God is LIKE US that drives him to argue against God’s exhaustive foreknowledge of all events. In his eyes, a free choice allows us to go even beyond what God knows. But Genesis doesn’t say this. Genesis tells us that, from the beginning, God gave man boundaries as to the extent of his choices. And the same God that set boundaries for Adam and Eve is the same God who has set boundaries for the rest of human creation. Nothing we do is ever outside or beyond God’s control or foreknowledge. With Pinnock, though, man is his own god, and therefore able to make choices that even the God of the Universe isn’t aware of.
How can man make free choices IF God already knows about them beforehand? Well, the answer is found in the classical Arminian view of libertarian freedom. As stated above, this view allows man to make choices WITHIN SET BOUNDARIES. As I heard it discussed in class by my former Apologetics instructor Dr. Bruce Alva Little, free will in and of itself conjures up thoughts of autonomous free will…and there are certain things that man is not able to do (like fly, for instance). Man does not have autonomous free will to choose to fly, or to change shape, or to change from his human state. There are things that man can do, such as mold his shape through exercise and such; but he cannot CHANGE his shape and turn into a square, for instance. Man cannot become an animal, or spread his arms, have them turn into wings, and fly over land and sea. Man cannot create a world from nothing (as God did); neither can he raise the dead and bring them back to life. And, last but not least, there are MANY THINGS that humans cannot know (such as future events) afar off. Only God can know those things.
I leave you, the reader, with the words of the LORD God Himself in response to righteous Job:
2 Who is this who obscures [My] counsel
with ignorant words? (B)
3 Get ready to answer Me like a man;
when I question (C) you, you will inform Me.
4 Where were you when I established (D) the earth?
Tell [Me], if you have [a] understanding.
5 Who fixed its dimensions? Certainly you know!
Who stretched a measuring line across it?
6 What supports its foundations?
Or who laid its cornerstone
7 while the morning stars sang together
and all the sons of God (E) shouted for joy?
8 Who enclosed the sea behind doors
when it burst from the womb,
9 when I made the clouds its garment
and thick darkness its blanket, (F) [b]
10 when I determined its boundaries [c]
and put [its] bars and doors in place,
11 when I declared: "You may come this far, but no farther;
your proud waves stop here"?
12 Have you ever in your life commanded the morning
or assigned the dawn its place,
13 so it may seize the edges of the earth
and shake the wicked out of it?
14 The earth is changed as clay is by a seal;
[its hills] stand out like [the folds of] a garment.
15 Light [d] is withheld from the wicked,
and the arm raised [in violence] is broken.
16 Have you traveled to the sources of the sea
or walked in the depths of the oceans?
17 Have the gates (G) of death been revealed to you?
Have you seen the gates of death's shadow?
18 Have you comprehended the extent of the earth?
Tell [Me], if you know all this.
19 Where is the road to the home of light?
[Do you know] where darkness lives,
20 so you can lead it back to its border?
Are you familiar with the paths to its home?
21 Don't you know? You were already born; (H)
you have lived so long! [e]
22 Have you entered the [place] where the snow is stored?
Or have you seen the storehouses of hail, (I)
23 which I hold in reserve for times of trouble,
for the day of warfare and battle? (J)
24 What road leads to [the place] where light is dispersed? [f]
[Where is the source of] the east wind that spreads across the earth?
25 Who cuts a channel for the flooding rain
or clears the way for lightning,
26 to bring rain on an uninhabited land,
[on] a desert with no human life, [g]
27 to satisfy the parched wasteland
and cause the grass to sprout? (K)
28 Does the rain have a father?
Who fathered the drops of dew? (L)
29 Whose womb did the ice come from?
Who gave birth to the frost of heaven
30 when water becomes as hard as stone, [h]
and the surface of the watery depths is frozen? (M)
31 Can you fasten the chains of the Pleiades
or loosen the belt of Orion?
32 Can you bring out the constellations [i] in their season
and lead the Bear [j] and her cubs? (N)
33 Do you know the laws (O) of heaven?
Can you impose its [k] authority on earth?
34 Can you command [l] the clouds
so that a flood of water covers you? (P)
35 Can you send out lightning (Q) bolts, and they go?
Do they report to you: "Here we are"?
36 Who put wisdom (R) in the heart [m]
or gave the mind understanding?
37 Who has the wisdom to number the clouds?
Or who can tilt the water jars of heaven
38 when the dust hardens like cast metal
and the clods [of dirt] stick together?
39 Can you hunt prey for a lioness
or satisfy the appetite of young lions (S)
40 when they crouch in their dens
and lie in wait within their lairs?
41 Who provides the raven's food (T)
when its young cry out to God
and wander about for lack of food? (Job 38:2-41, HCSB)
Footnotes:
a. Job 38:4 Lit know
b. Job 38:9 Lit swaddling clothes
c. Job 38:10 Lit I broke My statute on it
d. Job 38:15 Lit Their light
e. Job 38:21 Lit born; the number of your days is great
f. Job 38:24 Or where lightning is distributed
g. Job 38:26 Lit life in it
h. Job 38:30 Lit water hides itself as the stone
i. Job 38:32 Or Mazzaroth; Hb obscure
j. Job 38:32 Or lead Aldebaran
k. Job 38:33 Or God's
l. Job 38:34 Lit lift up your voice to
m. Job 38:36 Or the inner self; [Ps 51:6]
Saturday, July 11, 2009
A Refutation of John Feinberg, Part II
I’m back once more to tackle another portion of John Feinberg’s response to Bruce Reichenbach’s article titled “God Limits His Power.” Feinberg goes straight at Reichenbach and calls for scriptural justification of his view:
“Another concern is Reichenbach’s claim that God limited his power in order to give us freedom (contra-causal, of course). However, as with Pinnock, I WAIT IN VAIN FOR A VERSE THAT SAYS GOD DID SUCH A THING” (John Feinberg, “Response to Bruce Reichenbach,” from the book “Predestination and Free Will,” page 125).
As in the last post on Feinberg, I’ll give him the answers he seeks so desperately.
First, there is something in the Biblical account regarding God and His power and Him limiting it for man. The passage is Genesis 1:26-28---
26 Then God said, "Let Us (A) make man in Our image, according to Our likeness. (B) They will rule the fish of the sea, the birds of the sky, the animals, all the earth, [a] and the creatures that crawl [b] on the earth." (C) 27 So God created man in His own image; He created him in the image of God; He created them male and female. (D) 28 God blessed them, and God said to them, "Be fruitful, multiply, fill the earth, (E) and subdue it. Rule the fish of the sea, the birds of the sky, and every creature that crawls [c] on the earth." (Genesis 1:26-28, Holman Christian Standard Bible).
This is the majestic passage of Genesis where God decides to create a creation just like Himself! God’s first words are, “let Us make man IN OUR IMAGE, ACCORDING TO OUR LIKENESS.” Not only would man bear the image of God (Genesis 9:6), but man would also be LIKE GOD, similar to the Lord in many ways.
After God decides to give man His image and His likeness (here is the only time God does that while forming creation), He then says, “THEY WILL RULE…the creatures that crawl on the earth.”
Scripture clearly shows us God’s Rule:
He said: LORD God of our ancestors, are You not the God who is in heaven, and do You not rule over all the kingdoms of the nations? Power and might are in Your hand, and no one can stand against You. (2 Chronicles 20:6, HCSB).
LORD, our God, other lords than You have ruled over us, but we remember Your name alone. (Isaiah 26:13)
See, the Lord GOD comes with strength, and His power establishes His rule. His reward is with Him, and His gifts accompany Him. (Isaiah 40:10)
Because of God’s rule, man was given rule over the earth. And this verse is where we see it:
“God blessed them, and God said to them, ‘Be fruitful, and multiply, fill the earth, AND SUBDUE IT” (Gen. 1:28. HCSB).
Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary defines the word “subdue” as:
1 : to conquer and bring into subjection : vanquish
2 : to bring under control especially by an exertion of the will : curb
3 : to bring (land) under cultivation
Looking at the following definitions, the one that stands out to me the most is definition #2—“To bring under control ESPECIALLY BY AN EXERTION OF THE WILL.” Adam and Eve would use their will to cultivate the land and conquer creation.
The word in the Greek for “subdue” here is “katakurieusate,” meaning “to be lord over.” So when the Lord tells man to subdue the earth, He is telling man to “be lord over” the earth. In man’s rule, then, he is acting as a “lord” (lowercase), having been given dominion over the earth by the “LORD” (uppercase). Because dominion over the earth was given to man, this is a limit of God’s power—but it is a limit God placed on Himself because it seemed good to Him to do so. It is of God’s own good pleasure.
But there’s another instance where we see man in the likeness of God—and that is in naming creation. God names creation in Genesis 1:
1 In the beginning (A) God created the heavens and the earth. (B)
2 Now the earth was [a] formless and empty, (C) darkness covered the surface of the watery depths, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the surface of the waters. (D) 3 Then God said, "Let there be light," (E) and there was light. 4 God saw that the light was good, and God separated the light from the darkness. 5 God called the light "day," and He called the darkness "night." Evening came, and then morning: the first day. 6 Then God said, "Let there be an expanse [b] between the waters, separating water from water." (F) 7 So God made the expanse and separated the water under the expanse from the water above the expanse. (G) And it was so. 8 God called the expanse "sky." [c] Evening came, and then morning: the second day. 9 Then God said, "Let the water under the sky be gathered into one place, (H) and let the dry land appear." And it was so. 10 God called the dry land "earth," and He called the gathering of the water "seas." And God saw that it was good. 11 Then God said, "Let the earth produce vegetation: seed-bearing plants, and fruit trees on the earth bearing fruit with seed in it, according to their kinds." (I) And it was so. 12 The earth brought forth vegetation: seed-bearing plants according to their kinds and trees bearing fruit with seed in it, according to their kinds. And God saw that it was good. 13 Evening came, and then morning: the third day. 14 Then God said, "Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky to separate the day from the night. They will serve as signs (J) for festivals and for days and years. (K) 15 They will be lights in the expanse of the sky to provide light on the earth." And it was so. 16 God made the two great lights—the greater light to have dominion over the day and the lesser light to have dominion over the night—as well as the stars. (Genesis 1:1-16, HCSB)
God names the “day,” “night,” “sky,” “earth,” and seas.
The LORD names all these things. He does so because He is the One who created them. And in the same way, Adam, acting as “lord” (lowercase), names creation:
19 So the LORD God formed out of the ground each wild animal and each bird of the sky, and brought each to the man to see what he would call it. (S) And whatever the man called a living creature, that was its name. 20 The man gave names to all the livestock, to the birds of the sky, and to every wild animal; but for the man [m] no helper was found who was like him. 21 So the LORD God caused a deep sleep to come over the man, (T) and he slept. God took one of his ribs and closed the flesh at that place. 22 Then the LORD God made the rib He had taken from the man into a woman and brought her to the man. (U) 23 And the man said:
This one, at last, is bone of my bone,
and flesh of my flesh;
this one will be called woman,
for she was taken from man. (Genesis 2:19-23, HCSB)
Mankind, then, was given the power that came with being made “lord” over the earth.
We know from the early chapters of Genesis that God gave man power in the Garden—man was God’s crowning creation, the head of everything under the sun. Adam was treated as God’s right-hand man, placed in the Garden “to work and to keep it.” Yes, man had a lot of power in bearing the image and likeness of God: but with it also came responsibility. And when Adam and Eve sinned that day in the Garden (Genesis 3), we find that they sinned not so much because they weren’t pleased with their environment—but because they wanted more. Examine carefully what the serpent says to Eve:
4 "No! You will not die," the serpent said to the woman. (C) 5 "In fact, God knows that when [a] you eat it your eyes will be opened and you will be like God, [b] knowing good and evil." (Genesis 3:4-5, HCSB)
Adam and Eve wanted to be “like God.” They were already LIKE HIM—but they weren’t GOD HIMSELF! They wanted that desperately, so much so that they took the power of choice that He gave them for good and made it bad. God never tried to enslave them and force them to do anything, but they now wanted to enslave God and force Him to yield to them! God gave them some power and they wanted more—that was the problem that day in the Garden.
But notice that, when God delivers punishment, He honors the choice Adam and Eve made:
17 And He said to Adam, "Because you listened to your wife's voice and ate from the tree about which I commanded you, 'Do not eat from it':
The ground is cursed because of you. (L)
You will eat from it by means of painful labor [e]
all the days of your life.
18 It will produce thorns and thistles for you,
and you will eat the plants of the field. (M
19 You will eat bread [f] by the sweat of your brow
until you return to the ground, (N)
since you were taken from it. For you are dust,
and you will return to dust." (Genesis 3:17-19, HCSB)
When Adam chooses to sin, God does not override Adam’s mistake or take his free will away from him. God allows Adam to sin, and, because He chooses to limit His power, allows Adam’s decision to stand. But notice what God says to Adam:
“The ground is cursed BECAUSE OF YOU…”
Adam bore responsibility for what happened in the Garden; and why? because God gave him the power of free will and free choice; and, as the old adage goes, “With power comes responsibility.”
Adam and Eve’s sin in the Garden was about gaining more power; and God, although limiting His power in granting choice to man, was not about to give up all His power and have His creation become His equal.
For God to allow Adam and Eve’s choice of sin to stand is in stark contrast to the way God created the Garden:
31 God saw all that He had made, and it was very good. (Genesis 1:31, HCSB)
God made everything; God had the power to erase or remove Adam and Eve’s sin. And yet, He did not. He let their sin stand and removed them from the Garden, giving them the physical and spiritual death they had chosen through their sin. But none of this was the way God wanted it to be. He wanted mankind to live in the Garden happily with Him, to commune with Him, to be in relationship with Him, side by side. However, what He got instead was two ungrateful humans, who stained everything He did for them.
But if God could have stopped it all, why didn’t He? Surely Feinberg isn’t gonna argue that God isn’t all-powerful, is he? Therefore, if the Lord allowed Adam and Eve to choose to depart from the place of delight (“eden” means “delight”), then either God wasn’t powerful enough to undo the sin—OR, the Lord limited Himself by granting them the choice—and He wasn’t gonna renege on His granting of choice (and thus power) to His two creatures. I will be bold enough to say that the latter is true.
Genesis 3 is not the only place where the Lord limits Himself; Christ Jesus limits Himself in the Incarnation. Have you read the words of Philippians 2?
5 Make your own attitude that of Christ Jesus, 6 who, existing in the form of God, did not consider equality with God (M) as something to be used for His own advantage. [a] 7 Instead He emptied Himself (N) by assuming the form of a slave, (O) taking on the likeness of men. (P) And when He had come as a man in His external form, 8 He humbled Himself by becoming obedient to the point of death—even to death on a cross. (Philippians 2:5-8, HCSB)
The Lord Jesus came to earth as a man, having taken on human flesh. And while He was on earth, Scripture tells us that Christ subjected Himself to the earthly authorities, even so far as to suffer physical pain in the Crucifixion. The Lord refused to come off of the Cross, although He had the power to.
John Feinberg asked for Scriptural proof; and I supplied it here. The fact that sin is allowed to run rampant in humanity is caused by two things: either the Lord; or the choice He gave man. My answer? The choice God gave man is the CAUSE of sin’s debilitating effects on humanity.
“Another concern is Reichenbach’s claim that God limited his power in order to give us freedom (contra-causal, of course). However, as with Pinnock, I WAIT IN VAIN FOR A VERSE THAT SAYS GOD DID SUCH A THING” (John Feinberg, “Response to Bruce Reichenbach,” from the book “Predestination and Free Will,” page 125).
As in the last post on Feinberg, I’ll give him the answers he seeks so desperately.
First, there is something in the Biblical account regarding God and His power and Him limiting it for man. The passage is Genesis 1:26-28---
26 Then God said, "Let Us (A) make man in Our image, according to Our likeness. (B) They will rule the fish of the sea, the birds of the sky, the animals, all the earth, [a] and the creatures that crawl [b] on the earth." (C) 27 So God created man in His own image; He created him in the image of God; He created them male and female. (D) 28 God blessed them, and God said to them, "Be fruitful, multiply, fill the earth, (E) and subdue it. Rule the fish of the sea, the birds of the sky, and every creature that crawls [c] on the earth." (Genesis 1:26-28, Holman Christian Standard Bible).
This is the majestic passage of Genesis where God decides to create a creation just like Himself! God’s first words are, “let Us make man IN OUR IMAGE, ACCORDING TO OUR LIKENESS.” Not only would man bear the image of God (Genesis 9:6), but man would also be LIKE GOD, similar to the Lord in many ways.
After God decides to give man His image and His likeness (here is the only time God does that while forming creation), He then says, “THEY WILL RULE…the creatures that crawl on the earth.”
Scripture clearly shows us God’s Rule:
He said: LORD God of our ancestors, are You not the God who is in heaven, and do You not rule over all the kingdoms of the nations? Power and might are in Your hand, and no one can stand against You. (2 Chronicles 20:6, HCSB).
LORD, our God, other lords than You have ruled over us, but we remember Your name alone. (Isaiah 26:13)
See, the Lord GOD comes with strength, and His power establishes His rule. His reward is with Him, and His gifts accompany Him. (Isaiah 40:10)
Because of God’s rule, man was given rule over the earth. And this verse is where we see it:
“God blessed them, and God said to them, ‘Be fruitful, and multiply, fill the earth, AND SUBDUE IT” (Gen. 1:28. HCSB).
Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary defines the word “subdue” as:
1 : to conquer and bring into subjection : vanquish
2 : to bring under control especially by an exertion of the will : curb
3 : to bring (land) under cultivation
Looking at the following definitions, the one that stands out to me the most is definition #2—“To bring under control ESPECIALLY BY AN EXERTION OF THE WILL.” Adam and Eve would use their will to cultivate the land and conquer creation.
The word in the Greek for “subdue” here is “katakurieusate,” meaning “to be lord over.” So when the Lord tells man to subdue the earth, He is telling man to “be lord over” the earth. In man’s rule, then, he is acting as a “lord” (lowercase), having been given dominion over the earth by the “LORD” (uppercase). Because dominion over the earth was given to man, this is a limit of God’s power—but it is a limit God placed on Himself because it seemed good to Him to do so. It is of God’s own good pleasure.
But there’s another instance where we see man in the likeness of God—and that is in naming creation. God names creation in Genesis 1:
1 In the beginning (A) God created the heavens and the earth. (B)
2 Now the earth was [a] formless and empty, (C) darkness covered the surface of the watery depths, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the surface of the waters. (D) 3 Then God said, "Let there be light," (E) and there was light. 4 God saw that the light was good, and God separated the light from the darkness. 5 God called the light "day," and He called the darkness "night." Evening came, and then morning: the first day. 6 Then God said, "Let there be an expanse [b] between the waters, separating water from water." (F) 7 So God made the expanse and separated the water under the expanse from the water above the expanse. (G) And it was so. 8 God called the expanse "sky." [c] Evening came, and then morning: the second day. 9 Then God said, "Let the water under the sky be gathered into one place, (H) and let the dry land appear." And it was so. 10 God called the dry land "earth," and He called the gathering of the water "seas." And God saw that it was good. 11 Then God said, "Let the earth produce vegetation: seed-bearing plants, and fruit trees on the earth bearing fruit with seed in it, according to their kinds." (I) And it was so. 12 The earth brought forth vegetation: seed-bearing plants according to their kinds and trees bearing fruit with seed in it, according to their kinds. And God saw that it was good. 13 Evening came, and then morning: the third day. 14 Then God said, "Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky to separate the day from the night. They will serve as signs (J) for festivals and for days and years. (K) 15 They will be lights in the expanse of the sky to provide light on the earth." And it was so. 16 God made the two great lights—the greater light to have dominion over the day and the lesser light to have dominion over the night—as well as the stars. (Genesis 1:1-16, HCSB)
God names the “day,” “night,” “sky,” “earth,” and seas.
The LORD names all these things. He does so because He is the One who created them. And in the same way, Adam, acting as “lord” (lowercase), names creation:
19 So the LORD God formed out of the ground each wild animal and each bird of the sky, and brought each to the man to see what he would call it. (S) And whatever the man called a living creature, that was its name. 20 The man gave names to all the livestock, to the birds of the sky, and to every wild animal; but for the man [m] no helper was found who was like him. 21 So the LORD God caused a deep sleep to come over the man, (T) and he slept. God took one of his ribs and closed the flesh at that place. 22 Then the LORD God made the rib He had taken from the man into a woman and brought her to the man. (U) 23 And the man said:
This one, at last, is bone of my bone,
and flesh of my flesh;
this one will be called woman,
for she was taken from man. (Genesis 2:19-23, HCSB)
Mankind, then, was given the power that came with being made “lord” over the earth.
We know from the early chapters of Genesis that God gave man power in the Garden—man was God’s crowning creation, the head of everything under the sun. Adam was treated as God’s right-hand man, placed in the Garden “to work and to keep it.” Yes, man had a lot of power in bearing the image and likeness of God: but with it also came responsibility. And when Adam and Eve sinned that day in the Garden (Genesis 3), we find that they sinned not so much because they weren’t pleased with their environment—but because they wanted more. Examine carefully what the serpent says to Eve:
4 "No! You will not die," the serpent said to the woman. (C) 5 "In fact, God knows that when [a] you eat it your eyes will be opened and you will be like God, [b] knowing good and evil." (Genesis 3:4-5, HCSB)
Adam and Eve wanted to be “like God.” They were already LIKE HIM—but they weren’t GOD HIMSELF! They wanted that desperately, so much so that they took the power of choice that He gave them for good and made it bad. God never tried to enslave them and force them to do anything, but they now wanted to enslave God and force Him to yield to them! God gave them some power and they wanted more—that was the problem that day in the Garden.
But notice that, when God delivers punishment, He honors the choice Adam and Eve made:
17 And He said to Adam, "Because you listened to your wife's voice and ate from the tree about which I commanded you, 'Do not eat from it':
The ground is cursed because of you. (L)
You will eat from it by means of painful labor [e]
all the days of your life.
18 It will produce thorns and thistles for you,
and you will eat the plants of the field. (M
19 You will eat bread [f] by the sweat of your brow
until you return to the ground, (N)
since you were taken from it. For you are dust,
and you will return to dust." (Genesis 3:17-19, HCSB)
When Adam chooses to sin, God does not override Adam’s mistake or take his free will away from him. God allows Adam to sin, and, because He chooses to limit His power, allows Adam’s decision to stand. But notice what God says to Adam:
“The ground is cursed BECAUSE OF YOU…”
Adam bore responsibility for what happened in the Garden; and why? because God gave him the power of free will and free choice; and, as the old adage goes, “With power comes responsibility.”
Adam and Eve’s sin in the Garden was about gaining more power; and God, although limiting His power in granting choice to man, was not about to give up all His power and have His creation become His equal.
For God to allow Adam and Eve’s choice of sin to stand is in stark contrast to the way God created the Garden:
31 God saw all that He had made, and it was very good. (Genesis 1:31, HCSB)
God made everything; God had the power to erase or remove Adam and Eve’s sin. And yet, He did not. He let their sin stand and removed them from the Garden, giving them the physical and spiritual death they had chosen through their sin. But none of this was the way God wanted it to be. He wanted mankind to live in the Garden happily with Him, to commune with Him, to be in relationship with Him, side by side. However, what He got instead was two ungrateful humans, who stained everything He did for them.
But if God could have stopped it all, why didn’t He? Surely Feinberg isn’t gonna argue that God isn’t all-powerful, is he? Therefore, if the Lord allowed Adam and Eve to choose to depart from the place of delight (“eden” means “delight”), then either God wasn’t powerful enough to undo the sin—OR, the Lord limited Himself by granting them the choice—and He wasn’t gonna renege on His granting of choice (and thus power) to His two creatures. I will be bold enough to say that the latter is true.
Genesis 3 is not the only place where the Lord limits Himself; Christ Jesus limits Himself in the Incarnation. Have you read the words of Philippians 2?
5 Make your own attitude that of Christ Jesus, 6 who, existing in the form of God, did not consider equality with God (M) as something to be used for His own advantage. [a] 7 Instead He emptied Himself (N) by assuming the form of a slave, (O) taking on the likeness of men. (P) And when He had come as a man in His external form, 8 He humbled Himself by becoming obedient to the point of death—even to death on a cross. (Philippians 2:5-8, HCSB)
The Lord Jesus came to earth as a man, having taken on human flesh. And while He was on earth, Scripture tells us that Christ subjected Himself to the earthly authorities, even so far as to suffer physical pain in the Crucifixion. The Lord refused to come off of the Cross, although He had the power to.
John Feinberg asked for Scriptural proof; and I supplied it here. The fact that sin is allowed to run rampant in humanity is caused by two things: either the Lord; or the choice He gave man. My answer? The choice God gave man is the CAUSE of sin’s debilitating effects on humanity.
Friday, July 10, 2009
A Refutation of John Feinberg, Part I
“Predestination & Free Will,” edited by brothers David and Randall Basinger, and written by scholars John Feinberg, Norman Geisler, Bruce Reichenbach, and Clark Pinnock, presents four interesting views on divine sovereignty and human freedom. Earlier tonight I finished reading Bruce Reichenbach’s chapter titled “God Limits His Power.” John Feinberg had an interesting response to Reichenbach’s chapter:
“I have problems with Reichenbach’s concept of freedom as it relates to God’s control. Reichenbach claims that God can accomplish his ultimate purposes (p. 119), but I wonder how God can guarantee that his ends will be done in virtue of contra-causal freedom. Given such freedom, it must always be possible for someone to OVERTURN GOD’S PLANS by choosing to do otherwise than God wants” (John Feinberg, “Predestination & Free Will,” page 125).
Feinberg presents us with a very fearful response: that God can give man free will, and yet, it be possible for God to lose His control. Can man ever be MORE POWERFUL than God? No. Can man ever have MORE POWER than God? No. Can man ever BECOME HIS OWN GOD? No. Although he may live like it, he still has one Creator—and that Creator is outside of himself. So, if God gives man free will, how is it that God MUST LOSE CONTROL over all of life and have His ultimate purposes thwarted? By the way, before you answer this question, let me remind you that we’re talking about the GOD OF THE UNIVERSE!
How can God guarantee that His purposes will come about? I don’t know the answer to that; but what I DO KNOW is that God can do it! God has the power to do so.
Scripture doesn’t tell us HOW God fulfills His ultimate purposes despite man’s wrong choices, but it reveals that God DOES fulfill His purposes:
28 We know that all things work together [n] for the good [o] of those who love God: those who are called according to His purpose. (AX) 29 For those He foreknew (AY) [p] He also predestined (AZ) to be conformed to the image of His Son, (BA) so that He would be the firstborn among many brothers. (BB) 30 And those He predestined, He also called; and those He called, He also justified; (BC) and those He justified, He also glorified. (Romans 8:28-30, Holman Christian Standard Bible).
The Apologetics Study Bible, produced by the Holman Christian Standard Company, had the following comments in the footnotes regarding Romans 8:28—
“Paul did not say all things ARE good- an absurd claim IN VIEW OF BOTH NATURAL TRAGEDIES AND HUMAN ATROCITIES. When suffering, Christians might conclude either that God does not love them or that He is not sufficiently protecting them. Paul thus insisted that in all things God works to accomplish what is good for His people. Clearly God does not always spare His people from tragedies, illnesses, and other adverse circumstances of life, or even shield them from their opponents’ persecution (v. 36). In any of these difficulties—and Paul listed some awful ones (vv. 35, 38-39)—God is working for His people’s good” (Apologetics Study Bible. Nashville, TN: Holman Christian, 2007).
Christians endure a number of things—some because of wrong choices, others because of the choices of other people. And we do not get to flee from these bad times; rather, we are told by the Lord to face them head-on. However, behind the scenes, God is working to display His glory in each and every situation.
I look at God’s work in Romans 8:28 in the same way as I look at how God worked to save His people in the book of Esther. I’ve read commentary after commentary on the book of Esther, and every one recounts the fact that God’s name is not mentioned throughout the book—however, God is still “behind the scenes” delivering His people. God was sovereign in the situation of Haman, Mordecai, Esther, and the king. God worked with the choice of Vashti to get her disqualified as queen; then, God worked so that the king would have a beauty contest to choose the next queen—and Esther was the one chosen, of ALL the women in the kingdom! What the king didn’t know, however, was that, although Esther was beautiful, she was a beautiful JEWISH woman! And yet, Esther had to face up to and own her people because Haman became enraged with Mordecai (and the Jews) and wanted them dead. Mordecai exhorted Esther to consider that she was queen at the exact moment in time that she was in order to give glory to God; and Esther acted as valiantly as any godly queen should!
As crazy as it may sound, God used a JEWISH WOMAN to save His people—and this pleased the Lord to do so. Even when it seemed as if Mordecai was outside the gate, and Haman was favored in the eyes of the king, Esther was favored in the eyes of the King of Kings! And, although every little event didn’t go their way, Esther and Mordecai were vindicated as righteous in the end—and the Jews were spared total and complete extermination. And what happened to Haman? Well, you know what happened—he was hung ON THE VERY GALLOWS HE CREATED FOR MORDECAI! And God doesn’t work His ultimate purposes? I strongly disagree!
God was very much “in control” in a situation involving His people where it may have seemed as if things were “out of control.”
And the God of the Jews, the God who exalted Mordecai and Esther, the God who gave Esther the courage to strive to save her people, is the same God who is STILL at work in the lives of those who love Him today. Nothing has taken God by surprise because HE KNOWS EVERYTHING, and has everything in the palm of His hands. Contrary to Clark Pinnock, who says that God doesn’t know our actions, I would say that God does know. And in our lives, God is working everything out.
What I love about Romans 8:28 is that the text says, “We know that ALL THINGS WORK TOGETHER for the good of those who love God…” Every event comes together for the ultimate good. As Reichenbach states in his chapter called “God Limits His Power”:
“God’s finale is an INTRICATELY WOVEN TAPESTRY produced by billions of hands. God knows the individual weavers—their abilities, shortcomings and in the end of the little variegated, irregular patch they will sew. Out of a myriad of pieces he is creating a whole tapestry. Stained with EVERY HUMAN IMPERFECTION and VICE, beautified with EVERY HUMAN PERFECTION AND VIRTUE, the masterpiece slowly takes shape under His guiding hand, until that day when He has finished it, presenting it splendidly in His new heaven and new earth” (Bruce Reichenbach, “Predestination & Free Will,” page 124).
Just like a Master Weaver weaves together a marvelous blanket, you and I might not think much of it at first; but give it time—before long, it will come together as the most awe-inspiring quilt ever seen. And while we live in a fallen world and can’t seem to understand all the “twists” and “turns” of life, one day, we’ll see the artwork come together beautifully—and then we won’t wonder any longer.
There is more on Feinberg’s response to come…
“I have problems with Reichenbach’s concept of freedom as it relates to God’s control. Reichenbach claims that God can accomplish his ultimate purposes (p. 119), but I wonder how God can guarantee that his ends will be done in virtue of contra-causal freedom. Given such freedom, it must always be possible for someone to OVERTURN GOD’S PLANS by choosing to do otherwise than God wants” (John Feinberg, “Predestination & Free Will,” page 125).
Feinberg presents us with a very fearful response: that God can give man free will, and yet, it be possible for God to lose His control. Can man ever be MORE POWERFUL than God? No. Can man ever have MORE POWER than God? No. Can man ever BECOME HIS OWN GOD? No. Although he may live like it, he still has one Creator—and that Creator is outside of himself. So, if God gives man free will, how is it that God MUST LOSE CONTROL over all of life and have His ultimate purposes thwarted? By the way, before you answer this question, let me remind you that we’re talking about the GOD OF THE UNIVERSE!
How can God guarantee that His purposes will come about? I don’t know the answer to that; but what I DO KNOW is that God can do it! God has the power to do so.
Scripture doesn’t tell us HOW God fulfills His ultimate purposes despite man’s wrong choices, but it reveals that God DOES fulfill His purposes:
28 We know that all things work together [n] for the good [o] of those who love God: those who are called according to His purpose. (AX) 29 For those He foreknew (AY) [p] He also predestined (AZ) to be conformed to the image of His Son, (BA) so that He would be the firstborn among many brothers. (BB) 30 And those He predestined, He also called; and those He called, He also justified; (BC) and those He justified, He also glorified. (Romans 8:28-30, Holman Christian Standard Bible).
The Apologetics Study Bible, produced by the Holman Christian Standard Company, had the following comments in the footnotes regarding Romans 8:28—
“Paul did not say all things ARE good- an absurd claim IN VIEW OF BOTH NATURAL TRAGEDIES AND HUMAN ATROCITIES. When suffering, Christians might conclude either that God does not love them or that He is not sufficiently protecting them. Paul thus insisted that in all things God works to accomplish what is good for His people. Clearly God does not always spare His people from tragedies, illnesses, and other adverse circumstances of life, or even shield them from their opponents’ persecution (v. 36). In any of these difficulties—and Paul listed some awful ones (vv. 35, 38-39)—God is working for His people’s good” (Apologetics Study Bible. Nashville, TN: Holman Christian, 2007).
Christians endure a number of things—some because of wrong choices, others because of the choices of other people. And we do not get to flee from these bad times; rather, we are told by the Lord to face them head-on. However, behind the scenes, God is working to display His glory in each and every situation.
I look at God’s work in Romans 8:28 in the same way as I look at how God worked to save His people in the book of Esther. I’ve read commentary after commentary on the book of Esther, and every one recounts the fact that God’s name is not mentioned throughout the book—however, God is still “behind the scenes” delivering His people. God was sovereign in the situation of Haman, Mordecai, Esther, and the king. God worked with the choice of Vashti to get her disqualified as queen; then, God worked so that the king would have a beauty contest to choose the next queen—and Esther was the one chosen, of ALL the women in the kingdom! What the king didn’t know, however, was that, although Esther was beautiful, she was a beautiful JEWISH woman! And yet, Esther had to face up to and own her people because Haman became enraged with Mordecai (and the Jews) and wanted them dead. Mordecai exhorted Esther to consider that she was queen at the exact moment in time that she was in order to give glory to God; and Esther acted as valiantly as any godly queen should!
As crazy as it may sound, God used a JEWISH WOMAN to save His people—and this pleased the Lord to do so. Even when it seemed as if Mordecai was outside the gate, and Haman was favored in the eyes of the king, Esther was favored in the eyes of the King of Kings! And, although every little event didn’t go their way, Esther and Mordecai were vindicated as righteous in the end—and the Jews were spared total and complete extermination. And what happened to Haman? Well, you know what happened—he was hung ON THE VERY GALLOWS HE CREATED FOR MORDECAI! And God doesn’t work His ultimate purposes? I strongly disagree!
God was very much “in control” in a situation involving His people where it may have seemed as if things were “out of control.”
And the God of the Jews, the God who exalted Mordecai and Esther, the God who gave Esther the courage to strive to save her people, is the same God who is STILL at work in the lives of those who love Him today. Nothing has taken God by surprise because HE KNOWS EVERYTHING, and has everything in the palm of His hands. Contrary to Clark Pinnock, who says that God doesn’t know our actions, I would say that God does know. And in our lives, God is working everything out.
What I love about Romans 8:28 is that the text says, “We know that ALL THINGS WORK TOGETHER for the good of those who love God…” Every event comes together for the ultimate good. As Reichenbach states in his chapter called “God Limits His Power”:
“God’s finale is an INTRICATELY WOVEN TAPESTRY produced by billions of hands. God knows the individual weavers—their abilities, shortcomings and in the end of the little variegated, irregular patch they will sew. Out of a myriad of pieces he is creating a whole tapestry. Stained with EVERY HUMAN IMPERFECTION and VICE, beautified with EVERY HUMAN PERFECTION AND VIRTUE, the masterpiece slowly takes shape under His guiding hand, until that day when He has finished it, presenting it splendidly in His new heaven and new earth” (Bruce Reichenbach, “Predestination & Free Will,” page 124).
Just like a Master Weaver weaves together a marvelous blanket, you and I might not think much of it at first; but give it time—before long, it will come together as the most awe-inspiring quilt ever seen. And while we live in a fallen world and can’t seem to understand all the “twists” and “turns” of life, one day, we’ll see the artwork come together beautifully—and then we won’t wonder any longer.
There is more on Feinberg’s response to come…
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